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ABSTRACT
Oxicam is a class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that exhibits structural similarities to the enolic acid of 4-hydroxy-1,2-benzothiazine carboxamides. The oxicam derivatives have the ability to coordinate with different metal ions in a monodentate and bidentate fashion. The choice of ligand and reaction conditions played a key role for the synthesis of desired oxicam-based metal complexes. In this review, oxicam-based Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) transition metal complexes are being discussed. In all these complexes, the oxicams acted as N,O-coordinating chelators and stabilized metal complexes by forming six-membered ring systems. The coordination geometries of the metal complexes are dependent on the oxicam derivatives, co-ligands as well as selected metal ions. The octahedral, square pyramidal, square planar and tetrahedral geometries are concluded with the supported by electronic transitions and magnetic data of the oxicam functionalized metal complexes. The antibacterial, anticancer, and DNA interaction of the oxicam-based metal complexes have also been discussed. The antibacterial and anticancer activities indicated that some metal complexes are more potent as compared to free ligands. The DNA binding studies confirmed that the metal complexes interact with DNA via major grooves.
Highlights
Oxicam scaffolds as coordinating ligands with Mn(II), Fe(II)/Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions
Electronic and magnetic data of oxicam-derived metal complexes
Structure determination via electronic transitions and magnetic data
Antibacterial, anticancer and DNA-binding studies of oxicam-based metal complexes
Abbreviations
| NSAIDs | = | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; |
| COX | = | cyclooxygenase; |
| PRX | = | Piroxicam; |
| MLX | = | Meloxicam; |
| ISX | = | Isoxicam; |
| DRX | = | Droxicam; |
| CNX | = | Cinnoxicam; |
| APX | = | Ampiroxicam; |
| LRX | = | Lornoxicam; |
| PVX | = | Pivoxicam; |
| SDX | = | Sudoxicam; |
| Gly | = | Glycine; |
| Phen | = | 1.10-phenthroline; |
| Val | = | Valine; |
| PhA | = | dl-phenylalanine; |
| Ala | = | dl-alanine; OAc, Acetate; |
| DMSO | = | Dimethylsulfoxide; |
| DMF | = | Dimethylformamide, |
| LTs | = | leukotrienesis; |
| LS | = | low spin; |
| HS | = | high spin; |
| IR | = | infrared spectroscopy; |
| UV | = | ultraviolet spectroscopy; |
| MC | = | Molar Conductivity; |
| MS | = | Magnetic susceptibility; |
| TA | = | Thermal Analysis; |
| M.Sp | = | Mass spectroscopy; |
| TGA | = | Thermogravimetric Analysis; |
| DTA | = | Differential Thermal Analysis; |
| DSC | = | Differential Scanning Calorimetry; |
| EA | = | Elemental Analysis; |
| PG | = | Prostaglandin; |
| MIC | = | minimum inhibition concentration; |
| IC50 | = | 50% inhibition concentration |
Future prospects
In the last decade very limited work has been done on coordination metal complexes derived from oxicam scaffolds containing ligands. Therefore, different aspects of the coordination complexes of the oxicam functionalized complexes are still not explored. A range of metal ions are not utilized to synthesize oxicam-derived metal complexes.
Disclosure statement
All authors agreed to declare no conflict of interest regarding any content or publication of this work in the form of a manuscript.
Supplemental data
Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/02603594.2024.2313139.