PICRAT Analysis of Technology-Integration Activities in U.S. K–12 Public Schools

Abstract

This study examined technology integration in K–12 public schools based on the PICRAT (Passive, Interactive, Creative, Replace, Amplify, Transformative) matrix classification. Seventy-six K–12 teachers voluntarily completed an online survey between December 2020 and February 2021 that asked about their (a) grade-level teaching (b) implementation frequency of various technology-integrated activities, and (c) support. Results showed that teachers’ real-class implementation of technology-integrated activities and the PICRAT levels of integration differed significantly between K–6 vs. 7–12 grades. More frequent use of overall technology-integrated activities was found in grades 7–12 than in K–6. Further, an analysis based on the PICRAT matrix found higher frequencies for Passive and Replace levels and lower frequencies for Creative and Transformative use for all grades. Finally, teacher support significantly predicted overall technology-integration frequencies for both K–6 and 7–12 grades. With regard to prediction on each level of PICRAT classification, support in K–6 grades was significantly related to all levels of technology integration except for Passive. However, in 7–12 grade, support failed to predict the frequency of technology integration for all levels except Amplify. Future directions are discussed, including the role of professional development and the importance of technology-integration frameworks in practice.

Keywords:

• Online teaching
• PICRAT
• technology-integration matrix
• levels of technology integration
• teacher support
• quality evaluation

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to ethical concerns but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.