Breeding parameters of a Great Tit (Parus major) population on the island of Cyprus compared to other Mediterranean populations

Abstract

Many studies on the Great Tit, Parus major, have been conducted within the Mediterranean Basin, especially on its reproductive biology, forest habitat interactions, and nutritional resources. However, to date no detailed scientific research on these issues has been conducted on the island of Cyprus with a general paucity in research on this topic from the Eastern Mediterranean. Island species, through reduced gene flow and general isolation often evolve reproductive differences from their mainland relatives. As Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean and the most easterly positioned it provides an ideal opportunity compare the breeding biology of this island population with those from the wider Mediterranean region. This study aimed to gather some baseline reproductive data for Great Tits breeding in Cyprus. This data was then used to compare the reproductive outputs of Cypriot Great Tits from the sub species Parus major aphrodite with other Mediterranean island populations. This study was performed over a 3-year period during the breeding seasons of 2016-2018 in four evergreen forest areas. Mean clutch size was 7.7 eggs and hatching success 76.0%. The mean weight of the young was 16.3 g and mean tarsus length 18.7 mm. Significant differences were found between the years of the study, both in mean clutch size (p<0.0001) and the day of the first egg (p<0.0001), with 2016 producing the largest clutches and clutches being laid earlier than the subsequent two years. The start of the breeding season of the Great Tit was considerably earlier in Cyprus compared to other Mediterranean regions.

Keywords:

• Breeding phenology
• latitudinal variation
• clutch size
• hatching success
• fledging success

Acknowledgements

Special thanks to Ercan Poyraz and the numerous forestry personnel for all their assistance during the implementation of this project.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This research project has been supported by North Cyprus Department of Forestry in Lefkosa who were responsible for the erection of all the nest boxes monitored in this study.