Beyond liberal justice? Decolonising Colombian transitional justice through victims’ participation and indigenous rights

ABSTRACT

Transitional justice is a particular approach to justice for periods of transition to peace and democracy. It has been standardised in handbooks by profiling experts, often from the Global North, with meagre local participation in practice. It is criticised for having a liberal conception of justice that reproduces forms of structural discrimination against ethnic peoples. The Peace Agreement between Colombia and the FARC-EP signed in November 2016 addresses this criticism through a System for Truth, Reparation, and Guarantees of No-Repetition that includes a Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP) that must impose sanctions following a dialogical process with victims. The tribunal requires their participation to determine how perpetrators must repair the damages caused during the armed conflict. When victims belong to ethnic groups, their participation has influenced the tribunal to make decolonising decisions. In a ground-breaking process, the JEP incorporated indigenous perspectives into its justice procedures, acknowledging the role of the Territory to ethnic groups and officially recognising it as a living being that is a right-bearer that deserves reparations. This article analyses the achievements of such a process and underlines some challenges. From a practical perspective, it contributes to broader debates regarding indigenous rights and victims’ participation in transitional justice.

KEYWORDS:

• Transitional justice
• indigenous rights
• special jurisdiction for peace
• victims’ participation
• decolonisation

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 James Stewart ‘Prácticas contemporáneas sobre justicia transicional: el impacto de los tribunales internacionales con jurisdicción complementaria’ (speech presented in the International Conference Respuestas Emergentes ante atrocidades contemporáneas, Bogotá, Colombia 29–30 October 2020), 3 (author’s translation).

2 Teitel, Globalizing Transitional Justice. Ruti G. Teitel, Globalizing Transitional Justice: Contemporary Essays (Oxford University Press, 2014), https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394948.001.0001, xii

3 Fabián Salvioli, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion of truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence, UN Doc. A/HRC/45/45 (9 July 2020), 4.

4 Matthew Evans, ed., Beyond Transitional Justice: Transformative Justice and the State of the Field (or Non-Field), Directions and Development in Criminal Justice and Law (London, New York: Routledge, 2022), https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003169451; Paul Gready, ‘Introduction’, in From Transitional to Transformative Justice, ed. Paul Gready and Simon Robins, 1st ed. (Cambridge University Press, 2019), 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316676028.001; Maja Davidovic, ‘Transform or Perish? The Crisis of Transitional Justice’, Conflict, Security & Development 20, no. 2 (3 March 2020): 293–302, https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2019.1694770.

5 Stefan Peters, ‘The Special Jurisdiction for Peace in Colombia: Transdisciplinary Inquiries’, in Transitional Justice in Colombia, ed. Kai Ambos and Stefan Peters, (Nomos, 2022), 239. https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748923534-231.

6 Paul Gready and Simon Robins, ‘From Transitional to Transformative Justice: A New Agenda for Practice’. International Journal of Transitional Justice 8, no. 3 (1 November 2014): 341. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/iju013.

7 Davidovic, ‘Transform or Perish?’, 294.

8 Peters, ‘The Special Jurisdiction for Peace’, 234.

9 Jason Michael Quinn and Madhav Joshi, ‘Transitional Justice in the Colombian Final Accord: Text, Context, and Implementation’, in As War Ends, ed. James Meernik, Jacqueline H. R. DeMeritt, and Mauricio Uribe-López, (Cambridge University Press, 2019), 208. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108614856.010.

10 Dag Nylander, Rita Sandberg, and Idun Tvedt, Designing Peace: The Colombian Peace Process (Norwegian Centre for Conflict Resolution, 2018), 8.

11 Carlos Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, ‘International Criminal Court Standards in a Context of Transitional Justice: Evolution and Effects of Colombian Peace Processes (1998–2022)’, Journal of International Criminal Justice 21, no. 3 (2023): 579–601. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqad033.

12 René Urueña, ‘Prosecutorial Politics: The ICC’s Influence in Colombian Peace Processes, 2003–2017’, American Journal of International Law 111, no. 1 (January 2017): 104–25, https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2016.3.

13 Marina Aksenova, ‘The ICC Involvement in Colombia: Walking the Fine Line Between Peace and Justice’, in Quality Control in Prelimminary Examination: Volume I (Brussels: Bergsmo, Morten; Stahn, Carsten, 2018), 257–82.

14 Annika Björkdahl and Louise Warvsten, ‘Friction in Transitional Justice Processes: The Colombian Judicial System and the ICC’, International Journal of Transitional Justice 15, no. 3 (2 March 2022): 636–57, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijab018.

15 James Stewart ‘The role of the ICC in the Transitional Justice process in Colombia’ (speech presented in the Conferences organised by: The Max-Planck-Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law in Freiburg, The University Externado, and The University EAFIT, Bogotá and Medellín, Colombia 30–31 May 2018), 15.

16 The Spanish name is Sanciones Propias. As its literal translation does not reflect its significance, this text uses the name Restorative Sanctions to express better its meaning.

17 Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz, ‘Lineamientos En Materia de Sanción Propia y Trabajos, Obras y Actividades Con Contenido Reparador – Restaurador’ (Bogotá, 14 April 2020), https://www.jep.gov.co/Sala-de-Prensa/Paginas/Conozca-Los-lineamientos-en-materia-de-sanci%C3%B3n-propia-y-Trabajos,-Obras-y-Actividades-con-contenido-Reparador---Restaurador.aspx.

18 Geoffrey Lugano, ‘Between the Duty to Prosecute Atrocities and Domestic Precedents of Dealing with the Past in the Era of the International Criminal Court’, Peacebuilding 9, no. 4 (2 October 2021): 447, https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2021.1895612.

19 Juliette Vargas Trujillo, ‘The Collectivisation of Victim Participation: The Case of Colombia’s Special Jurisdiction for Peace’, in Transitional Justice in Colombia, ed. Kai Ambos and Stefan Peters (Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2022), 161–86, https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748923534-161.

20 Melanie Birks and Jane Mills, Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide, 3rd ed. (Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2022).

21 Unidad para las Víctimas, Registro Único de víctimas (Gobierno de Colombia, 2023) https://www.unidadvictimas.gov.co/es/registro-unico-de-victimas-ruv/37394

22 Elke Evrard, Gretel Mejía Bonifazi, and Tine Destrooper, ‘The Meaning of Participation in Transitional Justice: A Conceptual Proposal for Empirical Analysis’, International Journal of Transitional Justice 15, no. 2 (30 October 2021): 428–47, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijab013.

23 Pablo De Greiff, ‘The Future of the Past: Reflections on the Present State and Prospects of Transitional Justice’, International Journal of Transitional Justice 14, no. 2 (1 July 2020): 255, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijaa013.

24 Ibid., 254.

25 Salvioli, Report on the promotion of truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence, 4.

26 Teitel, Globalizing Transitional Justice, 3.

27 Simon Robins, ‘Failing Victims? The Limits of Transitional Justice in Addressing the Needs of Victims of Violations’, Human Rights and International Legal Discourse 11, no. 2 (2017): 48

28 David Taylor, ‘Victim Participation in Transitional Justice Mechanisms: Real Power or Empty Ritual?’ (Impunity Watch, 2014), 4.

29 María Paula Saffon and Viviana Tacha Gutiérrez, La participación en las medidas de justicia transicional: un estudio comparado, Primera edición (Bogotá, D.C.: Dejusticia, 2019).

30 Ibid.

31 Robins, ‘Failing Victims?’, 48

32 United Nations Development Programme, ‘From Justice for the Past to Peace and Inclusion for the Future: A Development Approach to Transitional Justice’, Lessons Learned from UNDP Policy and Practice, 2020.

33 Juan E. Méndez, ‘Victims as Protagonists in Transitional Justice’, International Journal of Transitional Justice 10, no. 1 (March 2016): 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijv037.

34 Camilo Tamayo Gomez, ‘Recognition as Transitional Justice “From Below”: Analysing Victims’ Grassroots Activism in Postconflict Colombia’, International Journal of Transitional Justice 16, no. 3 (18 November 2022): 314, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijac024.

35 Ibid., 315.

36 Robins, ‘Failing Victims?’, 43.

37 Paul Gready and Simon Robins, ‘Transitional Justice and Theories of Change: Towards Evaluation as Understanding’, International Journal of Transitional Justice 14, no. 2 (1 July 2020): 286, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijaa008.

38 Robins, ‘Failing Victims?’ 46.

39 Sarah C White, ‘Depoliticising Development: The Uses and Abuses of Participation’, Development in Practice 6, no. 1 (1 February 1996): 6, https://doi.org/10.1080/0961452961000157564.

40 Evrard, Mejía, and Destrooper, ‘The Meaning of Participation in Transitional Justice’, 433–6.

41 Mijke de Waardt and Sanne Weber, ‘Beyond Victims’ Mere Presence: An Empirical Analysis of Victim Participation in Transitional Justice in Colombia’, Journal of Human Rights Practice 11, no. 1 (1 February 2019): 212, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huz002.

42 Méndez, ‘Victims as Protagonists in Transitional Justice’, 2.

43 Belkis Izquierdo and Lieselotte Viaene, ‘Decolonizing Transitional Justice from Indigenous Territories’, Peace in Progress 34. Instituto Catalán Internacional para la Paz (ICIP 2018), 31: 8.

44 Eve Tuck and K. Wayne Yang, ‘La Descolonización No Es Una Metáfora’, Tabula Rasa, no. 38 (1 April 2021): 88, https://doi.org/10.25058/20112742.n38.04.

45 Rosembert Ariza-Santamaría, ‘Descolonización de Prácticas Judiciales Constitucionales En Bolivia-Colombia’, Revista Direito e Práxis 8, no. 4 (December 2017): 3008, https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8966/2017/31225.

46 Hugo Van Der Merwe and M Brinton Lykes, ‘Racism and Transitional Justice’, International Journal of Transitional Justice 14, no. 3 (23 January 2021): 417, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijab001.

47 Rachel Killean and Lauren Dempster, ‘Mass Violence, Environmental Harm, and the Limits of Transitional Justice’, Genocide Studies and Prevention 16, no. 1 (July 2022): 19, https://doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.16.1.1840.

48 Weildler Guerra Curvelo, ‘Epilogo. Perspectivas Indígenas de La Paz: Su Estética y Ritualidad’, Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Latino-Américaines et Caraïbes 42, no. 3 (2 September 2017): 417–24, https://doi.org/10.1080/08263663.2017.1378446.

49 Comisión para el Esclarecimiento de la Verdad, la Convivencia y la No Repetición, ed., Resistir no es aguantar: violencias y daños contra los pueblos étnicos e Colombia, Primera edición, Hay futuro si hay verdad, Tomo 9 (Bogotá: Sistema Integral para la Paz, 2022), 144.

50 Ibid., 319.

51 Colombian National Constitution, art. 329.

52 Ibid., 330.

53 Ibid., 246.

54 Comisión para el Esclarecimiento de la Verdad, la Convivencia y la No Repetición, Resistir no es aguantar, 329.

55 Ana Iris Loperena et al., ‘Reparations for Indigenous Women Subjected to Sexual and Environmental Violence in the Colombian Post-Peace Agreement’, The International Journal of Transitional Justice 17, no. 1 (22 May 2023): 34, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijad004.

56 Paulo Ilich Bacca, ‘Indigenizing International Law and Decolonizing the Anthropocene: Genocide by Ecological Means and Indigenous Nationhood in Contemporary Colombia’, Maguaré 33, no. 2 (1 July 2019): 164, https://doi.org/10.15446/mag.v33n2.86199.

57 Comisión para el Esclarecimiento de la Verdad, la Convivencia y la No Repetición, Resistir no es aguantar, 344.

58 KROC Institute for International Peace Studies, ‘Estado Efectivo de La Implementación Del Acuerdo Final’, in Trimestral (Universidad de Notre Dame, 2022), 9.

59 United Nations in Colombia and National University of Colombia — Centro de Pensamiento y Seguimiento al Diálogo de Paz, ‘FOROS NACIONAL Y REGIONALES SOBRE VÍCTIMAS: Informe y Balance General’ (Cali, Barranquilla, Barrancabermeja and Villavicencio: Impresol Ediciones Ltda., 2014), 112.

60 de Waardt and Weber, ‘Beyond Victims’ Mere Presence’, 224.

61 Comisión para el Esclarecimiento de la Verdad, la Convivencia y la No Repetición, Resistir no es aguantar, 141.

62 Ibid., 283 (author’s translation).

63 Ibid., 171 (author’s translation).

64 Ted Piccone, ‘Peace with Justice: The Colombian Experience with Transitional Justice’ (Washington, DC: Foreign Policy at Brookings, 2019), 7.

65 International Committee of the Red Cross, ‘Retos Humanitarios 2022’, (Colombia: 2022).

66 Rodrigo Uprimny et al., ¿Justicia Transicional Sin Transición? Verdad, Justicia y Reparación Para Colombia (Bogotá: Dejusticia, 2006), 92.

67 Herbolzheimer K, Innovations in the Colombian Peace Process (Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre, 2016), 8.

68 Carlos Medina and Olga González, ‘Capítulo 4. Panel III. Participación de La Sociedad. Foros, Metodología, Organización y Desarrollo’, in ¿Cómo Se Logró El Acuerdo de Paz Con Las FARC? Reconstrucción Metodológica – Memorias Del Seminario Internacional (Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Centro de Pensamiento y Seguimiento al Diálogo de Paz, Alejo Vargas, 2019), 71–86.

69 Roddy Brett, ‘The Role of the Victims’ Delegations in the Santos-FARC Peace Talks’, in The Politics of Victimhood in Post-Conflict Societies, ed. Vincent Druliolle and Roddy Brett (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018), 267, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70202-5_11.

70 Claire Wright, Bill Rolston, and Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, ‘Navigating Colonial Debris: Structural Challenges for Colombia’s Peace Accord’, Peacebuilding 11, no. 1 (2 January 2023): 70, https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2022.2027153.

71 Juliana González Villamizar and Pascha Bueno-Hansen, ‘The Promise and Perils of Mainstreaming Intersectionality in the Colombian Peace Process’, International Journal of Transitional Justice 15, no. 3 (2 March 2022): 563, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijab026.

72 Herbolzheimer, ‘Innovations in the Colombian Peace Process’, 4.

73 Howard Zehr and Ali Gohar, The Little Book of Restorative Justice (Pennsylvania: Good Books, 2015).

74 Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz, ‘Lineamientos’, 5.

75 Beatriz E Mayans-Hermida and Barbora Holá, ‘Punishing Atrocity Crimes in Transitional Contexts: Advancing Discussions on Adequacy of Alternative Criminal Sanctions Using the Case of Colombia’, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 43, no. 1 (14 March 2023): 20, https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqac022.

76 Sentence C-080 of 2018 (Colombian Constitutional Court).

77 Ibid.

78 Gustavo Emilio Cote-Barco, ‘El Carácter Dialógico Del Proceso Con Reconocimiento de Responsabilidad Ante La Jurisdicción Especial Para La Paz: Retos Del Derecho Penal En Contextos de Justicia Transicional’, Vniversitas 69 (26 February 2020): 11, https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.vj69.cdpr (author’s translation).

79 Saffon and Tacha Gutiérrez, La participación en las medidas de justicia transicional, 101.

80 Robins, ‘Failing Victims?’, 49.

81 de Waardt and Weber, ‘Beyond Victims’ Mere Presence’, 220.

82 At the moment of writing, the JEP has 11 macro-cases designed to answer the macro patterns of criminality. They have the duty to punish the most severe and emblematic crimes that occurred during the armed conflict and also answer to territorial criteria: Case 001 deals with kidnappings committed by FARC-EP; case 002 refers to human rights violations occurred in Tumaco, Ricaurte and Barbacoas, municipalities that belong to the Department Nariño; case 003 is about illegal murderers and disappearances committed by State agents, case 004 prioritises the Urabá region; case 005 investigates crimes committed in the north of Cauca and the south of Valle del Cauca; case 006 is about the extermination of the Political Party Unión Patriótica; case 007 judges forced recruitment and use of children and adolescents in the armed conflict; case 008 investigates non-amnestible crimes committed by the public force in collaboration with paramilitaries; case 009 is about crimes committed against ethnic peoples and territories; case 10 punishes non-amnestible crimes committed by FARC-EP; finally macro-case 11 is about sexual crimes. https://www.jep.gov.co/Paginas/casos.aspx

83 MAFAPO et al., ‘COMUNICADO PÚBLICO Víctimas y Representantes Jurídicos Expresamos Preocupaciones Ante Resolución de Conclusiones de La JEP En Casos de Ejecuciones Extrajudiciales de Norte de Santander’, 21 October 2022, https://asociacionminga.co/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Comunicado-Resolucio%CC%81n-de-conclusiones-EE-JEP.pdf.

84 Juliette Vargas et al., ‘Construyendo San(a)Ción Propia: Primeros Hallazgos y Recomendaciones Para La Imposición de Sanciones Restaurativas En El Caso 005 de La JEP’ (Bogotá: CAPAZ – Instituto Colombo-Alemán para la Paz, 2021) 7.

85 Clara Sandoval, Hobeth Martínez-Carrillo, and Michael Cruz-Rodríguez, ‘The Challenges of Implementing Special Sanctions (Sanciones Propias) in Colombia and Providing Retribution, Reparation, Participation and Reincorporation’, Journal of Human Rights Practice 14, no. 2 (7 October 2022): 479, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huac032.

86 Víctor de Currea-Lugo, ‘Lecciones Aprendidas Del Proceso Gobierno – FARC’, in Incertidumbres de La Paz. Entre El Incumplimiento Del Acuerdo y Las Luchas Sociales En Su Defensa, CLACSO (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Jiménez Martín, Carolina; Zuluaga Nieto, Jaime, 2021), 115 (author’s translation).

87 Unidad para las Víctimas, ‘Registro Único’.

88 Vargas Trujillo, ‘The Collectivisation of Victim Participation’, 177.

89 Laetitia Braconnier-Moreno, ‘El Diálogo Entre La Jurisdicción Especial Para La Paz y La Jurisdicción Especial Indígena En Colombia: ¿la Fábrica de Una Justicia Transicional Intercultural?’, in Pluralismo Jurídico y Derechos Humanos: Perspectivas Críticas Desde La Política Criminal (Bogotá, D.C.: Gutiérrez Quevedo, Marcela; Olarte Delgado, Ángela Marcela, 2020), para. 21.

90 Laetitia Braconnier-Moreno, ‘Los Derechos Propios de Los Pueblos Étnicos En El Acuerdo de Paz de Agosto de 2016’, Revista Derecho Del Estado, no. 40 (13 December 2017): 123, https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n40.05.

91 Braconnier-Moreno, ‘El Diálogo Entre la Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz y la Jurisdicción Especial Indígena’, para. 42.

92 Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz, Protocolo 001 de 2019, Document Number 20190816 (Colombia: 16 August 2016), https://jurinfo.jep.gov.co/normograma/compilacion/docs/DOC_JEP_20190816_2019.htm

93 Ibid., art 37.

94 Ibid., art 38.

95 Ibid., art 39.

96 As mentioned in the Sentence C-463 of 2014 of the Colombian Constitutional Court, JEI competences are defined using four criteria: It will be applied only when the accused belongs to an indigenous community (personal element) for a crime committed inside indigenous territory (territorial element). Such territory must have recognised authorities, uses and customs, and traditional procedures in the community (institutional element). Finally, the action judged must be against a rule that is objectively a right protected by the indigenous community (objective element). Also, there are some precise limits defined by the Constitutional order, which bans the JEI to sanction—among others—death penalties and life sentences.

97 Ana María Ochoa, (speech given in the Congress Justicia transicional en Colombia: Un balance, organised by the Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, 9–10 November 2022).

98 Auto 079 of 12 November 2019 (Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz – Acknowledgment Chamber).

99 Auto 002 of 17 January 2020 (Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz – Acknowledgment Chamber).

100 Auto 094 of 10 June 2020 (Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz – Acknowledgment Chamber).

101 Auto 105 of 07 September 2022 (Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz – Acknowledgment Chamber).

102 Alexandra Huneeus and Pablo Rueda Sáiz, ‘Territory as a Victim of Armed Conflict’, International Journal of Transitional Justice 15, no. 1 (23 July 2021): 215, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijab002.

103 Oscar Parra-Vera, ‘Las Audiencias de Reconocimiento de La JEP’, 2023, 2 https://www.jep.gov.co/DocumentosJEPWP/Las%20audiencias%20de%20reconocimiento%20de%20la%20JEP.pdf.

104 Beatriz Valdés-Correa, ‘El Capítulo Étnico En La JEP Se Abre Con El Primer Informe Sobre Pueblos Indígenas’, El Espectador, 9 August 2018, https://www.elespectador.com/colombia-20/jep-y-desaparecidos/el-capitulo-etnico-en-la-jep-se-abre-con-el-primer-informe-sobre-pueblos-indigenas-article/; Colombia en Transición, ‘“El Genocidio Silencioso Del Pueblo Embera Chamí”, El Informe Que Esa Comunidad Entrega a La JEP’, El Espectador, 30 May 2020, https://www.elespectador.com/colombia-20/jep-y-desaparecidos/el-genocidio-silencioso-del-pueblo-embera-chami-el-informe-que-esa-comunidad-entrega-a-la-jep-article/; Consejo Regional Indíena de Caldas, En Vivo|Entrega de Informe Ante La JEP Hoy Entregamos El Informe ‘Guerra Sucia Contra El Pueblo Embera de Caldas’ Ante La Jurisdicción Especial Para La Paz, 2022,

https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=1094723964652224.

105 Auto 105 of 2022, paras. 11 and 12.

106 Ibid., para. 93.

107 Auto 079 of 2019, para. 93.

108 Belkis Izquierdo, (speech given in the Congress Justicia transicional en Colombia: Un balance, organised by the Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, 9–10 November 2022).

109 Kristina Lyons, ‘“Nature” and Territories as Victims: Decolonizing Colombia’s Transitional Justice Process’, American Anthropologist 125, no. 1 (March 2023): 68, https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.13798.

110 Isabella Ariza-Buitrago and Luisa Gómez-Betancur, ‘Nature in Focus: The Invisibility and Re-Emergence of Rivers, Land and Animals in Colombia’s Transitional Justice System’, International Journal of Transitional Justice 17, no. 1 (22 May 2023): 87, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijad001.

111 Auto 105 of 2022, para. 64.

112 Ibid., para. 81.

113 Ibid., para. 82.

114 Ibid., para. 83.

115 Ibid., para. 116.

116 Ibid.

117 Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz, ‘Apertura Caso 09 Para Investigar Los Crímenes Cometidos En Contra de Pueblos y Territorios Étnicos’ (Bogotá, 2022), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AxXR4oaeRWE&t=2s

118 Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia, ‘Comunicado’, 13 September 2022, https://www.onic.org.co/images/noticias/2022/COMUNICADO_MACRO_CASO_09.pdf

119 Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz, ‘Por Primera Vez La JEP Entabla Diálogo Directo Con Autoridades Indígenas y Afrodescendientes En Cuatro Subregiones de Chocó’, 21 June 2023, https://www.jep.gov.co/Sala-de-Prensa/Paginas/por-primera-vez-la-jep-entabla-dialogo-directo-con-autoridades-indigenas-y-afrodescendientes-en-cuatro-subregiones-de-choco.aspx.

120 Lieselotte Viaene, Peter Doran, and Jonathan Liljeblad, ‘Editorial Special Section: “Transitional Justice and Nature: A Curious Silence”’, International Journal of Transitional Justice 17, no. 1 (22 May 2023): 2, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijad007.

121 Huneeus and Rueda Sáiz, ‘Territory as a Victim of Armed Conflict’, 211.

122 Laura Ordóñez-Vargas, L C Peralta Gonzalez, and Enrique Prieto-Rios, ‘An Econcentric Turn in the Transitional Restorative Justice Process in Colombia’, International Journal of Transitional Justice 17, no. 1 (22 May 2023): 108, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijad003.

123 Evrard, Mejía and Destrooper, ‘The Meaning of Participation in Transitional Justice’, 434.

124 Beatriz E Mayans-Hermida, Barbora Holá, and Catrien Bijleveld, ‘Between Impunity and Justice? Exploring Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Colombia’s Special Sanctions (Sanciones Propias) for International Crimes’, International Journal of Transitional Justice 17, no. 2 (23 August 2023): 209, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijad009.

125 Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz, ‘Informe de La Comisión de Participación de La Sala de Reconocimiento, Verdad, Responsabilidad y Determinación de Los Hechos y Conductas (SRVR): Balance General de Las Observaciones de Las Víctimas Presentadas En Las Audiencias Públicas de Priorización de Casos de La SRV y Mediante El Formulario de Observaciones Escritas’, 17 March 2022: 50, https://credhos.com.co/documents/informes/INFORME-FINAL-SRVR-17-03-22.pdf.

126 Ibid., 48.

127 Braconnier-Moreno, ‘El Diálogo Entre La Jurisdicción Especial Para La Paz y La Jurisdicción Especial Indígena En Colombia’, para. 66.

128 Ibid., para. 67.

129 Braconnier-Moreno, ‘El Diálogo Entre La Jurisdicción Especial Para La Paz y La Jurisdicción Especial Indígena En Colombia’, para. 61.

130 Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz, ‘Informe de la Comisión de Participación’, 51.

131 Braconnier-Moreno, ‘El Diálogo Entre La Jurisdicción Especial Para La Paz y La Jurisdicción Especial Indígena En Colombia’, para. 62.

132 Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz, ‘Informe de la Comisión de Participación’, 59.

133 Paula Valencia-Cortés and Paola Molano-Ayala, La Participación de Las Víctimas En La JEP y Sus Efectos Restauradores (Dejusticia, 2023), 30.

134 Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz, ‘Informe de la Comisión de Participación’, 49.

135 Sandoval, Martínez-Carrillo, and Cruz-Rodríguez, ‘The Challenges of Implementing Special Sanctions’, 489.

136 Ibid.

137 Alejandro Rodríguez Llach, and Hobeth Martínez Carrillo, ¿La Paz al Menor Costo? Análisis Presupuestal de La Imlpementación de La Paz Territorial y El Sistema Integral, Dejusticia (Bogotá, 2022), 13 (author’s translation).

138 Rodrigo Uprimny, Luz María Sánchez Duque, and Nelson Camilo Sánchez León, Justicia Para La Paz: Crímenes Atroces, Derecho a La Justicia y Paz Negociada, Primera edición, Colección Dejusticia (Bogotá, D.C: Dejusticia, 2014), 15 (author’s translation).

139 Viaene, Doran, and Liljeblad, ‘Editorial Special Section’, 3.

140 Izquierdo and Vianne, ‘Decolonizing Transitional Justice’, 15.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Human Rights Center 'Antonio Papisca', University of Padua.

Notes on contributors

Carlos Arturo Gutiérrez-Rodríguez

Carlos Arturo Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, PhD candidate in Human Rights, Society, and Multi-level Governance at the University of Padua, thanks to a scholarship offered by the Human Rights Centre ‘Antonio Papisca’ to which the author owes the most tremendous gratitude. Magister in History and Memory from the National University of La Plata (Argentina), thanks to the Regional Integration Scholarship Program offered by the Argentinean Ministry of Education (former Becas Roberto Carri); Political scientist and Specialist in Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law from the National University of Colombia.