The Clinical Sequelae of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Loneliness, Depression, Excessive Alcohol Use, Social Media Addiction, and Risk for Suicide Ideation

Abstract

Background

Depression, loneliness, and alcohol use disorder are associated with suicide ideation. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has challenged our social structures with social distancing and isolation policies implemented worldwide, severely restricting social interactions. Studies regarding the effects of the pandemic are starting to shed light on the harmful psychological effects of these policies.

Aims

This study aims to identify whether the increase in suicidal ideation among college students (mostly young adults) during the pandemic was due to the known risk factors of loneliness, depression, alcohol use disorder, social media addiction, and other background variables.

Method

Nine hundred and eleven college students completed self-report questionnaires assessing suicidal risk, depressive symptoms, loneliness, excessive alcohol use, and social media use.

Results

During the pandemic suicidal ideation was associated with loneliness (χ² = 54.65, p < 0.001), depressive symptoms (χ² = 110.82, p < 0.001), alcohol use disorder (χ² = 10.02, P < 0.01) and social media addiction (χ² = 13.73, P < 0.001). Being single [OR = 2.55; p < 0.01], and self-identifying as a non-heterosexual [OR = 2.55; p < 0.01] were found to constitute additional risk factors.

Limitations

The structural nature of quantitative self-report scales does not offer the flexibility of gaining a deeper understanding of causes, specific to particular circumstances that may lead participants to ideate on suicide, even briefly.

Conclusions

Social distancing and isolation policies during the COVID-19 pandemic constitute an additional factor in the risk for suicide ideation.

Keywords:

• College students
• pandemic
• suicidality

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Sami Hamdan

Sami Hamdan, Ph.D. and Tal Guz, M.A., School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo (MTA), Israel.

Tal Guz

Sami Hamdan, Ph.D. and Tal Guz, M.A., School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo (MTA), Israel.

Gil Zalsman

Gil Zalsman, MD, Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Psychiatry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Columbia University; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City, USA.