Understanding Tibetan Exile: a review of literature and bibliometric analysis (1960-2021)

ABSTRACT

This research aims to use VOSviewer to undertake bibliometric analysis to map the primary areas of Tibetan Exile literature to create a taxonomy of topic subareas and a research plan on this issue. Two hundred eighty-one papers published between 1960 and 2021, which were extracted from the Scopus database, have been examined to evaluate their interconnection, clusters, and citations to build a text-based map. The study highlights the most cited document, essential journals publishing on the issue, important keywords, prominent authors, and discussions on Tibetan refugees; also classifying the subthemes and the leading author’s name. The findings will guide researchers interested in contemporary Tibetan studies. This categorization table of subthemes explored in the last 61 years comprises the following subjects: identity & human rights, immigration, government, media, health, international politics, Dalai Lama, nationhood, preservation of culture, resettlement, and a new generation of Tibetans.

KEYWORDS:

• Bibliometric analysis
• Tibetan exile
• Tibetan refugees
• VOSviewer
• Literature review

Acknowledgments

I express my gratitude to Dr. Vikas Deep for promptly providing feedback on the initial draft of this paper.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

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108. P Choedon, “The Nechung Oracle and the Construction of Identity in the Tibetan Diaspora,” Asian Ethnology 80, no. 2 (2021): pp. 391–411.; Tenzin Namdul, “Re-Examining Death: Doors to Resilience and Wellbeing in Tibetan Buddhist Practice,” Religions 12, no. 7 (December 2021): p. 522, https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12070522.; K Turpeinen, ‘The Soteriological Context of a Tibetan Oracle,’ Himalaya 39, no. 1 (2019): pp. 42–52.

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111. Shelly Bhoil, “Of Exile and Writing: An Interview with the Tibetan Poet Tsering Wangmo Dhompa,” Journal of Postcolonial Writing 49, no. 1 (2013): pp. 40–46, https://doi.org/10.1080/17449855.2011.633013.; Shelly Bhoil, “The Challenge of Exile and Writing,” Interventions 17, no. 5 (2014): pp. 759–768, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369801x.2014.950308.; H Lahiri, “Diaspora from the Himalayan Region: Nation and Modernity in Select Literary Works,” Asiatic 11, no. 1 (2017): pp. 69–85.; T Wangchuk, “Verses of Praise and Denigration: Finding Poetic Creativity in the Tibetan Election in Exile,” Himalaya 38, no. 1 (2018): pp. 177–188.

112. Isabella Ofner, “Family Matters: Women’s Spaces and Quiet Truths in House of the Turquoise Roof and Dalai Lama, My Son,” Life Writing 17, no. 3 (2019): pp. 367–386, https://doi.org/10.1080/14484528.2019.1694595.

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124. See note 122 above.

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127. Fiona McConnell, “Governments-in-Exile: Statehood, Statelessness and the Reconfiguration of Territory and Sovereignty,” Geography Compass 3, no. 5 (2009): pp. 1902–1919, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749–8198.2009.00274.x.; Fiona McConnell, “De Facto, Displaced, Tacit: The Sovereign Articulations of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile,” Political Geography 28, no. 6 (2009): pp. 343–352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2009.04.001.

128. Dilwar Hussain and Braj Bhushan, “Posttraumatic Stress and Growth among Tibetan Refugees: The Mediating Role of Cognitive-Emotional Regulation Strategies,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 67, no. 7 (2011): pp. 720–735, https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20801.; Dilwar Hussain and Braj Bhushan, “Posttraumatic Stress and Growth among Tibetan Refugees: The Mediating Role of Cognitive-Emotional Regulation Strategies,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 67, no. 7 (2011): pp. 720–735, https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20801.

129. Tsering Yankey and Urmi Nanda Biswas, “Impact of Life Skills Training on Psychosocial Well-Being of Tibetan Refugee Adolescents,” International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 15, no. 4 (2019): pp. 272–284, https://doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-11–2017–0049.; T. Yankey and U. N. Biswas, “Life Skills Training as an Effective Intervention Strategy to Reduce Stress among Tibetan Refugee Adolescents,” Journal of Refugee Studies 25, no. 4 (2012): pp. 514–536, https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fer056.

130. Kerry L. Dierberg et al., “Improved Detection of Tuberculosis and Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis among Tibetan Refugees, India,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 22, no. 3 (2016): pp. 463–468, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2203.140732.

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132. See note 7 above.

133. See note 8 above.

134. See note 9 above.

135. See note 10 above.

136. See note 1 above.

137. See note 77 above.

138. See note 2 above.

139. See note 3 above.

140. See note 4 above.

141. See note 7 above.

142. See note 12 above.

143. See note 13 above.

144. See note 2 above.

145. See note 16 above.

146. See note 17 above.

147. See note 18 above.

148. See note 19 above.

149. See note 20 above.

150. See note 21 above.

151. See note 22 above.

152. See note 23 above.

153. See note 24 above.

154. See note 25 above.

155. Meenakshi Thapan, “’Single’ and Alone: Tibetan Youth in Exile in India,” Society and Culture in South Asia 2, no. 2 (August 2016): pp. 161–181, https://doi.org/10.1177/2393861716643875.

156. See note 26 above.

157. See note 27 above.

158. Kooros M. Mahmoudi, “Refugee Cross-Cultural Adjustment: Tibetans in India,” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 16, no. 1 (1992): pp. 17–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/0147–1767(92)90003-d.

159. See note 29 above.

160. See note 30 above.

161. See note 31 above.

162. See note 32 above.

163. See note 33 above.

164. Robert C. Batarseh, “Inside/Outside the Circle: From the Indochinese Designated Class to Contemporary Group Processing,” Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees 32, no. 2 (February 2016): pp. 54–66, https://doi.org/10.25071/1920–7336.40254.

165. Jennifer Logan and Robert Murdie, “Home in Canada? the Settlement Experiences of Tibetans in Parkdale, Toronto,” Journal of International Migration and Integration 17, no. 1 (2014): pp. 95–113, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-014-0382-0.

166. Jan Raska, “Humanitarian Gesture: Canada and the Tibetan Resettlement Program, 1971–5,” Canadian Historical Review 97, no. 4 (2016): pp. 546–575, https://doi.org/10.3138/chr.raska.

167. See note 35 above.

168. See note 96 above.

169. See note 97 above.

170. See note 98 above.

171. See note 99 above.

172. See note 100 above.

173. See note 101 above.

174. See note 102 above.

175. Kalsang Wangdu, “Nation-Building in Exile: Teachers’ Perceptions on the Goals of Teaching History in the Tibetan Refugee Schools,” Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 65, no. 6 (July 2020): pp. 928–940, https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831.2020.1788142.

176. Kalsang Wangdu, “Decoloniality, Power and Ideology in the Social Studies Textbooks of Tibetan Exile Schools,” Journal of Curriculum Studies 52, no. 2 (2019): pp. 230–246, https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2019.1657958.

177. See note 104 above.

178. Clare Harris, “The Buddha Goes Global: Some Thoughts towards a Transnational Art History,” Art History 29, no. 4 (2006): pp. 698–720, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–8365.2006.00520.x.

179. Sarah Magnatta, “Common Ground: Place and Identity in Contemporary Tibetan Art,” South Asian Studies 34, no. 2 (March 2018): pp. 186–196, https://doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2018.1514955.

180. See note 106 above.

181. See note 107 above.

182. K Turpeinen, “The Soteriological Context of a Tibetan Oracle,” Himalaya 39, no. 1 (2019): pp. 42–52.

183. P Choedon, “The Nechung Oracle and the Construction of Identity in the Tibetan Diaspora,” Asian Ethnology 80, no. 2 (2021): pp. 391–411.

184. Tenzin Namdul, “Re-Examining Death: Doors to Resilience and Wellbeing in Tibetan Buddhist Practice,” Religions 12, no. 7 (December 2021): p. 522, https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12070522.

185. See note 109 above.

186. See note 110 above.

187. Shelly Bhoil, “Of Exile and Writing: An Interview with the Tibetan Poet Tsering Wangmo Dhompa,” Journal of Postcolonial Writing 49, no. 1 (2013): pp. 40–46, https://doi.org/10.1080/17449855.2011.633013.

188. See note 1 above.

189. H Lahiri, “Diaspora from the Himalayan Region: Nation and Modernity in Select Literary Works,” Asiatic 11, no. 1 (2017): pp. 69–85.

190. T Wangchuk, “Verses of Praise and Denigration: Finding Poetic Creativity in the Tibetan Election in Exile,” Himalaya 38, no. 1 (2018): pp. 177–188.

191. See note 112 above.

192. See note 113 above.

193. See note 114 above.

194. See note 115 above.

195. See note 116 above.

196. See note 117 above.

197. See note 118 above.

198. See note 119 above.

199. See note 4 above.

200. See note 78 above.

201. See note 79 above.

202. See note 80 above.

203. See note 81 above.

204. See note 82 above.

205. See note 83 above.

206. See note 84 above.

207. Maaike A. Terheggen, Margaret S. Stroebe, and Rolf J. Kleber, “Western Conceptualizations and Eastern Experience: A Cross-Cultural Study of Traumatic Stress Reactions among Tibetan Refugees in India,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 14, no. 2 (2001): pp. 391–403, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1011177204593.

208. Eric Jacobson, “Panic Attack in a Context of Comorbid Anxiety and Depression in a Tibetan Refugee,” Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 26, no. 2 (2002): pp. 259–279, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016367817991.

209. Stewart W. Mercer, Alastair Ager, and Eshani Ruwanpura, “Psychosocial Distress of Tibetans in Exile: Integrating Western Interventions with Traditional Beliefs and Practice,” Social Science & Medicine 60, no. 1 (2005): pp. 179–189, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.04.025.

210. Antonella Crescenzi et al., “Effect of Political Imprisonment and Trauma History on Recent Tibetan Refugees in India,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 15, no. 5 (2002): pp. 369–375, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020129107279.

211. Edward J Mills et al., “Prevalence of Mental Disorders and Torture among Tibetan Refugees: A Systematic Review,” BMC International Health and Human Rights 5, no. 1 (September 2005), https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698x-5–7.

212. Eshani Ruwanpura et al., “Cultural and Spiritual Constructions of Mental Distress and Associated Coping Mechanisms of Tibetans in Exile: Implications for Western Interventions,” Journal of Refugee Studies 19, no. 2 (March 2006): pp. 187–202, https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fej018.

213. Dechen Lhewa et al., “Validation of a Tibetan Translation of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist–25 and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire,” Assessment 14, no. 3 (2007): pp. 223–230, https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191106298876.

214. Dabney Evans et al., “Shattered Shangri-La: Differences in Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Students Born in Tibet Compared to Tibetan Students Born in Exile,” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 43, no. 7 (2008): pp. 592–592, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0402-5.

215. Emily Sachs et al., “Entering Exile: Trauma, Mental Health, and Coping among Tibetan Refugees Arriving in Dharamsala, India,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 21, no. 2 (2008): pp. 199–208, https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20324.

216. Dilwar Hussain and Braj Bhushan, “Development and Validation of the Refugee Trauma Experience Inventory.,” Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 1, no. 2 (2009): pp. 107–117, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016120.

217. Dilwar Hussain and Braj Bhushan, “Posttraumatic Stress and Growth among Tibetan Refugees: The Mediating Role of Cognitive-Emotional Regulation Strategies,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 67, no. 7 (2011): pp. 720–735, https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20801.

218. Madhu Sarin, “The Monks of Drepung Gomang Monastery: Impressions and Speculations on Alternative Models of Masculinity as They Relate to Resilience to Trauma,” International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies 9, no. 2 (2012): pp. 134–157, https://doi.org/10.1002/aps.1311.

219. Dilwar Hussain and Braj Bhushan, “Posttraumatic Growth Experiences among Tibetan Refugees: A Qualitative Investigation,” Qualitative Research in Psychology 10, no. 2 (2013): pp. 204–216, https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2011.616623.

220. Binu Alexander, Elizabeth David, and Nathan Grills, “High Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders among Adolescent Tibetan Refugees,” Asian Journal of Psychiatry 6, no. 3 (2013): pp. 218–221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2012.12.006.

221. Tsering Yankey and Urmi Nanda Biswas, “Impact of Life Skills Training on Psychosocial Well-Being of Tibetan Refugee Adolescents,” International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 15, no. 4 (2019): pp. 272–284, https://doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-11–2017–0049.

222. See note 217 above.

223. See note 129 above.

224. Sara Lewis, “Trauma and the Making of Flexible Minds in the Tibetan Exile Community,” 2017, https://doi.org/10.31231/osf.io/ptuvd.

225. Shushum Bhatia, Tsegyal Dranyi, and Derrick Rowley, “Tuberculosis among Tibetan Refugees in India,” Social Science & Medicine 54, no. 3 (2002): pp. 423–432, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277–9536(01)00041–7.; Shushum Bhatia, Tsegyal Dranyi, and Derrick Rowley, “A Social and Demographic Study of Tibetan Refugees in India,” Social Science & Medicine 54, no. 3 (2002): pp. 411–422, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277–9536(01)00040–5.

226. Theodore K. Marras et al., “Tuberculosis among Tibetan Refugee Claimants in Toronto,” Chest 124, no. 3 (2003): pp. 915–921, https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.124.3.915.

227. Audrey Prost, “Contagion and Its Guises: Inequalities and Disease among Tibetan Exiles in India,” International Migration 46, no. 5 (2008): pp. 55–70, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468–2435.2008.00488.x.

228. F. Salvo et al., “Survey of Tuberculosis Drug Resistance among Tibetan Refugees in India,” The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 18, no. 6 (January 2014): pp. 655–662, https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.13.0516.

229. Rachel Lim et al., “Is Universal Screening Necessary? Incidence of Tuberculosis among Tibetan Refugees Arriving in Calgary, Alberta,” Canadian Respiratory Journal 2016 (2016): pp. 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8249843.

230. See note 130 above.

231. See note 131 above.

232. Kunchok Dorjee et al., “Risk of Developing Active Tuberculosis Following Tuberculosis Screening and Preventive Therapy for Tibetan Refugee Children and Adolescents in India: An Impact Assessment,” PLOS Medicine 18, no. 1 (2021), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003502.

233. See note 87 above.

234. See note 41 above.

235. See note 89 above.

236. See note 90 above.

237. Poonam Mahajan, “Dental Caries Status and Treatment Needs among Tibetan Refugees Residing in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India,” International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 9, no. 3 (2013): pp. 146–154, https://doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-07–2013–0023.

238. Chandrashekar Janakiram and Shamaz Mohamed, “Periodontal Status among Tobacco Users in Karnataka, India,” Indian Journal of Public Health 57, no. 2 (2013): p. 105, https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-557x.115006.

239. Sumeet Bhatt and Ambika Gaur, “Dental Caries Experience and Utilization of Oral Health Services among Tibetan Refugee-Background Children in Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India,” Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 21, no. 3 (April 2018): pp. 461–465, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-018-0769-7.

240. See note 92 above.

241. See note 93 above.

242. See note 94 above.

243. See note 95 above.

244. See note 48 above.

245. See note 49 above.

246. See note 50 above.

247. Amalendu Misra, “Tibet: In Search of a Resolution,” Central Asian Survey 19, no. 1 (2000): pp. 79–93, https://doi.org/10.1080/713656173.

248. See note 52 above.

249. See note 53 above.

250. See note 54 above.

251. See note 55 above.

252. See note 73 above.

253. See note 56 above.

254. See note 57 above.

255. Fiona McConnell, “De Facto, Displaced, Tacit: The Sovereign Articulations of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile,” Political Geography 28, no. 6 (2009): pp. 343–352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2009.04.001.

256. Fiona McConnell, “Governments-in-Exile: Statehood, Statelessness and the Reconfiguration of Territory and Sovereignty,” Geography Compass 3, no. 5 (2009): pp. 1902–1919, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749–8198.2009.00274.x.

257. See note 59 above.

258. See note 60 above.

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Additional information

Notes on contributors

Priyanka D’Rozario

Priyanka Danny is an Assistant Professor in the Department of English (School of Liberal Arts and Management) at DIT University, Dehradun. She received her Ph.D. in English from Amity University Haryana. Her research centers on Postcolonial literature (especially Diaspora and Exile) and Tibetan literature in English. She has authored several research articles and has formerly taught at Chandigarh University, Mohali, and Amity University, Gurgaon.

Prince Vohra

Prince Vohra serves as an assistant professor of marketing at GLA University, Mathura, boasting more than 16 years of experience in various roles within higher education. His expertise spans academia, entrepreneurship, leadership, mentorship, research, and continuous learning. Presently, I oversee the Department of Alumni Relations at GLA University, India, with the aim of elevating its global standing. His interest lies in digital marketing, innovation, teaching, and research, particularly in the domains of celebrity endorsement, tourism, and higher education.

Sunil Kumar Mishra

Sunil Mishra is an Associate Professor of English at Amity University, Gurugram. His research centers on Indian philosophy and he has authored several research articles and books. He is also running two International Journals focussing on Literature, culture, and English Language Teaching. His academic contribution is noticed in various journals as a member of the Editorial/Advisory Boards. He has been invited as the Resource person in various conferences of National and International repute. His contribution has been recognized by various universities/colleges and CBSE, Delhi as one of the subject experts.