Introduction

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Notes

The figures  are estimated. There are different estimations from 5 to 20 million because there are no official figures  about the ethnic composition of the population of Turkey.

  1. M. Kendal, “Kurdistan in Turkey,” in Gerard Chailand, People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan (London: Zed Press, 1980), p. 19.

  2. John Bulloch, and Harvey Morris, No Friends But the Mountains: The Tragic History of the Kurds (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 55.

  3. John Bulloch, and Harvey Morris, No Friends But the Mountains: The Tragic History of the Kurds (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 55.

  4. John Bulloch, and Harvey Morris, No Friends But the Mountains: The Tragic History of the Kurds (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 55–57.

  5. David McDowall, The Kurds: A Nation Denied (London: Minority Rights Publications, 1992); David McDowall, The Modern History of the Kurds (London: I.B. Tauris, 1996).

  6. Abdülhaluk Çay, Her Yönüyle Kürt Dosyası(İstanbul: Boğaziçi, 1993); Zekeriya Yıldız, Kürt Gerçeği (İstanbul: Yeni Asya Yayınları, 1992), pp. 20–45; Peter A. Andrews (ed.), Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey (Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1989), pp. 152–71.

  7. Peter A. Andrews (ed.), Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey (Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1989), pp. 152–71.

  8. Çay, HerYönüyle Kürt Dosyası, p. 56.

  9. Ömer Faruk Gençkaya, “The Kurdish Issue in Turkish Politics: An Overview”, Islamic World Report, Vol. 1, No. 3 (1996), pp. 94–101.

 10. Yıldız, Kürt Gerçeği.

 11. Çay, Her Yönüyle Kürt Dosyası, pp. 5–24.

 12. Ahmet Aydın, Kürtler, PKK ve Abdullah Öcalan (Ankara: Kiyap, 1992).

 13. Bayram Kodaman, Sultan II. Abdülhamit' in Doğu Anadolu Politikası (Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, 1987).

 14. Also, see Şükrü Kaya Seferoğlu and Halil Kemal Türközü, 101 Soruda Türklerin Kürt Boyu (Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü, 1982); Şükrü Kaya Seferoğlu, Anadolu'nun İlk Türk Sakinleri: Kürtler (Ankara: Ayyıldız Matbaası, 1982).

 15. Çay, Her Yönüyle Kürt Dosyası, pp. 53–59.

 16. Çay, Her Yönüyle Kürt Dosyası, pp. 53–59.

 17. Çay, Her Yönüyle Kürt Dosyası, pp. 64–95.

 18. Aydın, Kürtler, PKK ve Abdullah Öcalan, p. 27.

 19. Yıldız, Kürt Gerçeği.

 20. Yıldız, Kürt Gerçeği, pp. 27–29.

 21. Yıldız, Kürt Gerçeği, pp. 27–32.

 22. Gareth M. Winrow and Kemal Kirişçi, The Kurdish Question and Turkey (London: Portland Frank Cass, 1997).

 23. Bulloch and Morris, No Friends but the Mountains: The Tragic History of the Kurds, p. 52.

 24. Bulloch and Morris, No Friends but the Mountains: The Tragic History of the Kurds, p. 58.

 25. Servet Mutlu, “The Population of Turkey by Ethnic Groups and Provinces,” New Perspectives on Turkey, Vol. 3, No. 12 (Spring 1995), p. 35.

 26. Winrow and Kirişçi, The Kurdish Question and Turkey, pp. 120–24.

 27. Winrow and Kirişçi, The Kurdish Question and Turkey, p. 121.

 28. Winrow and Kirişçi, The Kurdish Question and Turkey.

 29. David McDowall, The Kurds (London: Minority Rights Group, 1996), Introduction section, pp.14–20.

 30. Henri J. Barkey and Graham E. Fuller, “Turkey's Kurdish Question: Critical Turning Points and Missed Opportunities,” Middle East Journal, Vol. 51, No. 1 (Winter 1997), pp. 57–79.

 31. For more details, see Martin Van Bruinessen, Agha, Sheikh, and State (London: Zed Books, 1992); Martin Van Bruinessen, “Kurdish Society, Ethnicity, Nationalism and Refugee Problems,” in Philip G. Kreyenbroek and Stefan Sperl, The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 33–67.

 32. Lale Yalçın-Heckmann, “Kurdish Tribal Organisation and Local Political Processes,” in Andrew Finkel and Nükhet Sirman, Turkish State, Turkish Society (London and New York: Routledge, 1990), pp. 289–312.

 33. For details, see Winrow and Kirişçi, The Kurdish Question and Turkey; Kodaman, Sultan II. Abdülhamit'in Doğu Politikası, Chapter 1.

 34. David McDowall, The Kurds (London: Minority Rights Group, 1989), p. 8.

 35. David McDowall, The Kurds (London: Minority Rights Group, 1989), p. 8.

 36. Kodaman, Sultan II. Abdülhamit'in Doğu Politikası, pp. 67–75.

 37. David McDowall, “The Kurdish Question: A History of Review,” in Kreyenbroek and Sperl, The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, p. 15.

 38. Yalçın-Heckmann, “Kurdish Tribal Organisation and Local Political Processes,” in Finkel and Sirman, Turkish State, Turkish Society, pp. 289–312.

 39. McDowall, “The Kurdish Question: A History of Review,” in Kreyenbroek and Sperl, The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, p. 17.

 40. Bilal Şimşir, İngiliz Belgeleriyle Türkiye'de“Kürt Sorunu”, 1924–1938 (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1991), p. 58.

 41. Sheikh Said as quoted in Uğur Mumcu, Kürt – İslam Ayaklanması (İstanbul: Tekin, 1992), p. 124.

 42. Sedat Laçiner, “The Ideological Evolution of Turkish Foreign Policy,” unpublished PhD thesis, King's College, University of London, 2000, Ch. 3, pp. 102–105. Also, see Yaşar Kalafat, Bir Ayaklanmanın Anatomisi, Şeyh Sait (Ankara: Asam, 2003); Kemal Melek, “Türk İngiliz İlişkileri (1890–1926) ve Musul Petrolleri,” in Toktamış Ateş and et  al., Türk Dış Politikasında Sorunlar (İstanbul: Der Yayınları, 1989), pp. 38–39.

 43. Derk Kinnane, The Kurds and Kurdistan (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), pp. 58–63.

 44. Derk Kinnane, The Kurds and Kurdistan (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), pp. 58–63.

 45. Van Bruinessen, Agha, Sheikh, and State, p. 34.

 46. Van Bruinessen, Agha, Sheikh, and State, p. 35.

 47. Andrews, Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey, pp. 152–75.

 48. Andrews, Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey, p. 162.

 49. For the details see: Van Bruinessen, Agha, Sheikh, and State, p. 35. About the Kurdish language and the diversity, see The Encylopedia of Islam, Vol. 2, pp. 189–94; Seyfi Cengiz, Dış Kaynaklarda Kırmanclar, Kızılbaşlar ve Zazalar (London: Desmala Sure Press, 1995); C. J. Edmonds, “Some Developments in the Use of Latin Characters for the Writing of Kurdish,” Journal of the Royal Asiastic SocietyNo. 1 (1933), p. ??; D. N. MacKenzie, “The Origins of Kurdish,” Transactions of the Philological Society (London: B. Blackwell, 1961), pp. 68–86; J. G. Taylor, “Journal of a Tour in Armenia, Kurdistan and Upper Mesopotamia with Notes of Research in Deyrsim Dagh,” Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. 38,(1866), pp. 281–361; Basile Nikitine, “Kurdish Stories from My Collection,” Bulletin of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 4 (1926–1928), pp. 52–72; V. Minorsky, “The Guran,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 11 (1943), pp. 75–103; “Zazaca, Kurmançca (Kürtçe) ve Farsça Arasındaki Farklar Üzerine Bir İnceleme,” Asmeno Bewayir, Vol. 4, No. 13 (May 1998), pp. ??; Michael Chyet, Standardizing the Modern Journalistic Language in Kurdish, paper presented at MESA Annual Conference, 1996; Seyfi Cengiz, Dersim ve Dersimli (London: Desmale Sure Press, 1995).

 50. McDowall, The Kurds, (London: MRG,1992), pp. 4–5.

 51. McDowall, The Kurds, (London: MRG,1992), p. 5.

 52. Peter Alford (ed.), Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey (Weisbaden: Dr. Ludvig Reichert Verlag, 1989), pp. 88–110.

 53. Derk Kinnane, The Kurds and Kurdistan (London: Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 154.

 54. Van Bruinessen, “Kurdish Society, Ethnicity, Nationalism and Refugee Problems,” in Kreyenbroek and Sperl, The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, pp. 33–67.

 55. Peter Alford Andrews, Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey (Weisbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1989), p.94.

 56. Van Bruinessen, “Kurdish Society, Ethnicity, Nationalism and Refugee Problems,” in Kreyenbroek and Sperl, The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, pp. 60–62.

 57. Michael Ignatieff, Blood and Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism (Toronto: Viking, 1993), p. 42.

 58. Philip Robins, “The Overlord State: Turkish Policy and Kurdish Issue,” International Affairs, Vol. 69, No. 4 (October 1993), pp. 657–76.

 59. Robins, “The Overlord State: Turkish Policy and Kurdish Issue,” p. 661.

 60. Robins, “The Overlord State: Turkish Policy and Kurdish Issue,” p. 661. For instance, İstanbul has become the city with biggest Kurdish population in the world after the influx from the eastern part of Turkey. It must be noted that the city has no problems of ethnic or separatist nature.

 61. Kendal, “Kurdistan in Turkey,” in Chailand, People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, p. 25.

 62. Bulloch and Harvey, No Friends but Mountains: The Tragic History of the Kurds, p. 75.

 63. Kendal, “Kurdistan in Turkey,” in Chailand, People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, p. 25.

 64. Bulloch and Harvey, No Friends but Mountains: The Tragic History of the Kurds, p. 31.

 65. William Rupert Hay, Two Years in Kurdistan: Experiences of a Political Officer, 1918–1920, (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1921), p. 50.

 66. Bulloch and Harvey, No Friends But Mountains: The Tragic History of the Kurds, p. 223.

 67. Kodoman, Sultan II Abdülhamit'in Doğu Politikası, pp. 34–50.

 68. Seyyid Ahmed Arvasi, Doğu Anadolu Gerçeği (Ankara: Özge, 1986), p. 224.

 69. Hamit Bozarslan, “Political Aspects of the Kurdish Problem in Turkey,” in Kreyenbroek and Sperl, The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, pp. 95–114.

 70. Oğuz Aytepe, “Yeni Belgeler Işığında, Kürdistan Teali Cemiyeti,” Tarih ve Toplum, No. 174 (June 1998), pp. 13–15.

 71. İhsan Bal, “Prevention of Terrorism in Liberal Democracies: The Case Study of Turkey,” unpublished PhD thesis, University of Leicester, 1999, Ch. 1, p. 27

 72. Aytepe, “Yeni Belgeler Işığında, Kürdistan Teali Cemiyeti,” pp. 9–15.

 73. James Piscatori, Islam in a World of Nation-States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 70–74.

 74. James Piscatori, Islam in a World of Nation-States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) p. 77.

 75. James Piscatori, Islam in a World of Nation-States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 76.

 76. Laçiner, “The Ideological Evolution of Turkish Foreign Policy,” Chs. 2–4, p. 102.

 77. Said Nursi, Mektubat (Ankara: Sözler Yayınevi, 1978), p. 330.

 78. Said Nursi, Mektubat (Ankara: Sözler Yayınevi, 1978), p. 331.

 79. Said Nursi, Mektubat (Ankara: Sözler Yayınevi, 1978), pp. 330–35.

 80. Arvasi, Doğu Anadolu Gerçeği.

 81. Ismet Cheriff Vanly, “The Kurds in Syria and Iraq”, in Kreyenbrook and Sperl, The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, p. 144.

 82. Kendal, “Kurdistan in Turkey,” in Chailand, People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, pp. 40–41.

 83. Kendal, “Kurdistan in Turkey,” in Chailand, People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, p. 40.

 84. McDowall, The Kurds, pp. 16–18.

 85. Aytepe, “Yeni Belgeler Işığında, Kürdistan Teali Cemiyeti,” pp. 9–16.

 86. A. Salih, Kürt Tarihi, Kürtler ve Demokrasi (İstanbul: 1993), pp. 54–56.

 87. Said Nursi, Sözler (Ankara: Sözler Yayınevi, 1987), pp. 195–97.

 88. Ömer Faruk Gençkaya, “The Kurdish Issue in Turkish Politics,” in H. Wiberg and S. Bussuti (eds.) The Search for Peace in the Mediterranean Region, Problems and Prospects (Malta: Mireva Publication, 1994), p. 102.

 89. Aytepe, “Yeni Belgeler Işığında, Kürdistan Teali Cemiyeti,” pp. 9–16.

 90. Barkey and Fuller, “Turkey's Kurdish Question: Critical Turning Points and Missed Opportunities,” p. 18.

 91. Igor P. Lipovsky, The Socialist Movement in Turkey, 1960–1980 (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1992), p. 12; İhsan Bal and Sedat Laçiner, “The Challenge of Revolutionary Terrorism to Turkish Democracy, 1960–80,” Terrorism and Political Violance, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Winter 2001), pp. 98–99.

 92. Stephan Kinzer, “Kurds Fashion, Two Identities in a Fearful Turkey,” New York Times, July 27, 1997.

 93. Stephan Kinzer, “Kurds Fashion, Two Identities in a Fearful Turkey,” New York Times, July 27, 1997.

 94. Martin Van Bruinessen, “Between Guerrilla War and Political Murder: The Worker's Party of Kurdistan,” Middle East Report, No. 153, (July–Aug. 1998), pp. 40–46.

 95. See Robert Olson, The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989); Robert Olson, The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in the 1990s: Its Impact on Turkey and Middle East (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1996).

 96. Demirel as quoted in Gunter, Kurds of Iraq: Tragedy and Hope (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992), p. 98.

 97. Bal and Laçiner, “The Challenge of Revolutionary Terrorism to Turkish Democracy, 1960–80,” pp. 90–115.

 98. Also on PKK's history, see Nihat Ali Özcan, PKK (Kürdistan İşçi Partisi): Tarihi, İdeolojisi ve Yöntemi (Ankara: ASAM, 1999); Sedat Laçiner, “MED-TV'nin Etki ve İşlevleri,” Stratejik Analiz, Vol. 3, No. 27 (July 2002), pp. 119–32; Sedat Laçiner, “Bölücü Televizyon Yayıncılığı ve Uluslararası Bağlantıları: MED-TV Örnek Olayı 1994–1999,” Avrasya Dosyası, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Summer 2002), pp. 329–71; Ahmet C. Ersever, Kürtler, PKK ve Abdullah Öcalan (Ankara: Ocak Yayınları, 1994); Emin Gürses, Ayrılıkçı Terörün Anatomisi/IRA-ETA-PKK (İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık, 1997).

 99. Bal, “Prevention of Terrorism in Liberal Democracies: The Case Study of Turkey,” Ch. 5, p. 210.

100. Bal, “Prevention of Terrorism in Liberal Democracies: The Case Study of Turkey,” Ch. 5; Abdullah Öcalan, Seçme Yazılar (İstanbul: Melsa, 1989), pp. 55–72.

101. Bal and Laçiner, “The Challenge of Revolutionary Terrorism to Turkish Democracy, 1960–80,” pp. 90–115.

102. İsmail Beşikçi, Kürtlerin Mecburi İskanı (Ankara: Yurt Kitap Yayın, 1991), p. 10.

103. Michael Gunter, Kurds and the Future of Turkey (London: Macmillan, 1997), p. 66.

104. İmset, The PKK: A Report on Separatist Violence in Turkey (1973–1992), p. 9.

105. For Öcalan's ideas, see Abdullah Öcalan, Kürt-Türk İlişkileri Üzerine Barış ve Demokrasi Konuşmaları 1988–1999 (İstanbul: Aram, 1999); Abdullah Öcalan and Yalçın Küçük, Kürt Bahçesinde Söyleşi (İstanbul: ??, 1993); Abdullah Öcalan, Seçme Yazılar (İstanbul: Melsa, 1989); Gerillaya Talimatnameler (Bekaa: Mahsun Korkmaz, 1991); Din Sorununa Devrimci Yaklaşım (İstanbul: Melsa, 1993); Abdullah Öcalan, Bir Muhatap Arıyorum (İstanbul: Aram, 1999); Abdullah Öcalan, Halk Cumhuriyetine Doğru, Vol. I, II (İstanbul: Mem Yayınları, 2001).

106. Mehmet A. Birand, Apo ve PKK (İstanbul: Milliyet, 1993), p.72.

107. İmset, The PKK: A Report on Separatist Violence in Turkey (1973–1992).

108. Sabri Dilmaç, Terörizm Sorunu ve Türkiye (Ankara: n.p., 1997), p.26.

109. Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Arşivi, EGMA /TMDB Arc./Sec. Doc. 930562.

110. “Apocu” means one who supports Abdullah Öcalan and PKK.

111. Olağanüstü Hal Bölge Valiliği, OHBV /GÖY Arc./D./Ter. Doc. Rap. 930221.

112. Personal interview with Fatih Bucak, 1993, Diyarbakır.

113. Personal interview with Mehmet Artuk, 1993, Ankara.

114. EGMA/TMDB Arc./Sec. Doc. 920162.

115. Personal interview with M. Şaşkın, PKK member, 1993, Diyarbakır.

116. Van Bruinessen, “Between Guerrilla War and Political Murder: The Worker's Party of Kurdistan,”.

117. Abdullah Öcalan, Seçme Yazılar (İstanbul: Melsa, 1989) as cited in Bal, Prevention of Terrorism in Liberal Democracies: The Case Study of Turkey, pp. 250–51.

118. Abdullah Öcalan, Seçme Yazılar (İstanbul: Melsa, 1989) as cited in Bal, Prevention of Terrorism in Liberal Democracies: The Case Study of Turkey 250; Abdullah Öcalan, Gerillaya Talimatlar (Bekaa: Mahsun Korkmaz Akademisi, 1991), p. 45.

119. Abdullah Öcalan, Seçme Yazılar (Istanbul: np. 1994), p. 122.

120. Abdullah Öcalan, Seçme Yazılar (Istanbul: np. 1994), p. 122; EGMA/TMDB Arc./Sec. Doc. 920342.

121. Abdullah Öcalan, Din Sorununa Devrimci Yaklaşım (İstanbul: Melsa, 1993); EGMA/TMDB Arc./Sec. Doc. 920162.

122. For details see T.P. Coogan, IRA: A History (Niwot: Robert Rinehart, 1992); Sedat Laçiner, İngiltere, Terör, Kuzey İrlanda Sorunu ve İnsan Hakları (Ankara: ASAM, 2001); Gürses, Ayrılıkçı Ayrılıkçı Terörün Anatomisi / IRA-ETA-PKK.

123. Shlomo Ben-Ami, “Basque Nationalism between Archaism and Modernity,” Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 4, Nos. 3–4, (Spring 1988), pp. 493–521, p. 498.

124. Nur B. Criss, “The Nature of PKK Terrorism in Turkey”, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Jan.–March 1995), pp. 17–37.

125. EGMA/TMDB Arc./Sec. Doc. 920162.

126. EGMA/TMDB Arc./Sec. Doc. 920162/3.

127. Dönmez as quoted in İmset, The PKK: A Report on Separatist Violence in Turkey (1973–1992), pp. 15–16.

128. İsmet G. İmset, The PKK: A Report on Separatist Violence in Turkey (1973–1992) (İstanbul: Turkish Daily News Publication, 1992), p. 16.

129. Öcalan, Seçme Yazılar, pp. 112–14.

130. Fact Book on Turkey: Kurds and PKK Terrorism, pp. 50–62.

131. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 930221.

132. Öcalan as quoted in Birand, Apo ve PKK, p. 152.

133. Öcalan as quoted in İmset, The PKK: A Report on Separatist Violence in Turkey (1973–1992), p. 25.

134. Birand, Apo ve PKK, p. 111.

135. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 930223.

136. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 920245/7–11.

137. Bal, “Prevention of Terrorism in Liberal Democracies: The Case Study of Turkey,” Chapter II, p. 45.

138. EGMA/TMDB Arc./Sec. Doc. 960596.

139. Stephen J. Blank, Stephen C. Pelletier and William T. Johnsen, “Turkey's Strategic Position at the Crossroads of World Affairs,” December 3, 1993 at: www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/pubs/1993/turkey/turkey.pdf [December 8, 1999].

140. For the post-Gulf War period and the PKK, see Baskın Oran, Kalkık Horoz, Çekiç Güç ve Kürt Devleti (Ankara: Bilgi, 1998); Ramazan Gözen, Amerikan Kıskacında Dış Politika: Körfez Savaşı, Turgut Özal ve Sonrası (Ankara: Liberte, 2000).

141. EGMA/TMDB Arc./Sec. Doc. 960596.

142. EGMA/TMDB Arc./Sec. Doc. 980002.

143. J. I. Ross and R. R. Miller, “The Effects of Oppositional Political Terrorism, Five Actors Based Model,” Low Intensify Conflict and Law Enforcement, Vol. 6, No. 3 (Winter 1997), pp. 76–107.

144. Bal and Laçiner, “The Challenge of Revolutionary Terrorism to Turkish Democracy, 1960–80,” pp. 90–115;

145. Bal and Laçiner, “The Challenge of Revolutionary Terrorism to Turkish Democracy, 1960–80,” pp. 90–115;.

146. İmset, The PKK: A Report on Separatist Violence in Turkey (1973–1992), pp. 18–19.

147. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/PKK Pr./1993.

148. Blank, Pelletier and Johnsen, “Turkey's Strategic Position at the Crossroads of World Affairs.”

149. EGMA/TMDB Arc./Sec. Doc. 960113.

150. EGMA/TMDB Arc./Sec. Doc. 960113.

151. Winrow and Kirişçi, The Kurdish Question andTurkey, p. 127.

152. EGMA/TMDB Arc./Sec. Doc. 960113.

153. Feroz Ahmad, “The Political Economy of Kemalism,” in Ali Kazancıgil and Ergun Özbudun, Atatürk: Founder of a Modern State (London: Hurst & Company, 1981), p. 58. Also, see Aclan Sayılgan, Türkiye'de Sol Hareketler, 1871–1973, (İstanbul: Otağ Yayınları, 1976).

154. Personal inteview with Sheikh Mahmud, 1993.

155. Öcalan, Gerillaya Talimatlar, 40.

156. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 950674.

157. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 950674.

158. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/PKK Pr./1990:11-12.

159. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/PKK Pr./1990:11.

160. Oral Çalışlar, Deniz Gezmiş'ten Yaşar Kemal'e Portreler (İstanbul: Çağdaş Yayıncılık, 1996), p. 128.

161. Öcalan, Seçme Yazılar, p. 132.

162. Öcalan, Seçme Yazılar, p. 132.

163. Öcalan, Seçme Yazılar, p. 132.

164. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap.930959.

165. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 920962/22-30.

166. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 920962.

167. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 920962.

168. A handbook published by the PKK, p.24.

169. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 930965.

170. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 930965.

171. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 930965, The Scripts of the PKK Congress, 1989.

172. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 930965, Strong 1993.

173. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 940448, The Scripts of the PKK Congress, 1989.

174. J. I. Ross and R. R. Miller, “The Effects of Oppositional Political Terrorism, Five Actors Based Model,” Low Intensify Conflict and Law Enforcement, Vol. 6, No. 3 (Winter 1997), p. 77.

175. İmset, The PKK: A Report on Separatist Violence in Turkey (1973–1992), p. 16.

176. Öcalan in, Birand, Apo ve PKK, p. 141.

177. Ross and Miller, “The Effects of Oppositional Political Terrorism, Five Actors Based Model,” p. 77.

178. Personal interview with Fatih Bucak, 1993.

179. Ross and Miller, “The Effects of Oppositional Political Terrorism, Five Actors Based Model,” pp. 85–86.

180. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 930199.

181. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 930199.

182. İmset, The PKK: A Report on Separatist Violence in Turkey (1973–1992), p. 55.

183. The Times, Aug. 15, 1998; The Sunday Telegraph, Aug. 15, 1998.

184. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 930199/27.

185. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 910094.

186. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 940933.

187. Turkish Security Forces archive documents, If.Tu./D/1993 Ter. 00155.

188. If.Tu./D/1993 Ter. 00155.

189. Ross and Miller, “The Effects of Oppositional Political Terrorism, Five Actors Based Model,” p. 91.

190. Ross and Miller, “The Effects of Oppositional Political Terrorism, Five Actors Based Model,” p. 91.

191. TOBB Güneydoğu Raporu (Ankara: TOBB, 1995), p. 84.

192. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 980058.

193. Personal interview with Abdülkadir Aksu, 1993.

194. Personal interview with Abdülkadir Aksu, 1993.

195. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 980146.

196. Tom Marks, “Making Revolution with Shining Path,” in David Scott Palmer, Shining Path of Peru (London: Hurst and Company, 1992), pp. 209–24.

197. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 930961; OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/PKK Pr. 1993.

198. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 980146; OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/PKK Pr. 1993.

199. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/PKK Pr. 1993.

200. Brian Crozier, The Rebels: A Study of Post War Insurrections (London: Chatto and Windus, 1960), p. 64.

201. Grant Wardlaw, Political Terrorism: Theory Tactics and Counter-measures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 145.

202. Brian Michael, “The Future Course of International Terrorism,” 1994, http://www.wfs.org/terror.htm Farkli Makalenin Adresi

203. Ross and Miller, “The Effects of Oppositional Political Terrorism, Five Actors Based Model,” pp. 76–107.

204. Ross and Miller, “The Effects of Oppositional Political Terrorism, Five Actors Based Model,” p. 91.

205. Fact Book on Turkey: Kurds and PKK Terrorism – II, pp. 25–32.

206. If. Tu./D/1993 Ter. 00145.

207. Michael Gunter, “The Kurdish Problem in Turkey,” The Middle East Journal, Vol. 42, No. 3 (Summer 1988), pp. 389–406.

208. Gunter, “The Kurdish Problem in Turkey,” pp. 389–406.

209. Gunter, “The Kurdish Problem in Turkey,” pp. 389–406.

210. Gunter, “The Kurdish Problem in Turkey,” pp. 389–406.

211. Briefing, August 29, 1988, pp. 16–18.

212. Gunter, Kurds of Iraq: Tragedy and Hope, p. 20.

213. TOBB Güneydoğu Raporu, p. 46.

214. Middle East Report, (Ankara: n.p., 1988), p. 44.

215. Hürriyet, June 29, 1989.

216. Milliyet, May 7, 1988.

217. Milliyet, May 7, 1988.

218. İmset, The PKK.

219. Personal interview with Kazım K., ex-PKK member, 1993.

220. İmset, The PKK: A Report on Separatist Violence in Turkey (1973–1992), p. 163.

221. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/PKK Pr./1991.

222. Öcalan as quoted in İmset, The PKK: A Report on Separatist Violence in Turkey (1973–1992), pp. 166–67.

223. Sandra Woy-Hazleton and William A. Hazleton, “Shining Path and Marxist Left,” in Palmer, Shining Path of Peru, pp. 225–42.

224. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 930702.

225. “The Tragedy of the Kurds,” The Economist, Vol. 350, No. 8107 (Feb. 20, 1999), p. 16.

226. Criss, “The Nature of PKK Terrorism in Turkey,” pp. 17–37.

227. For details, see the Appendixes.

228. Fact Book on Turkey: Kurds and PKK Terrorism, p. 20.

229. Mohammad Muslih, “Syria and Turkey: Uneasy Relations,” in Henri J. Barkey, Reluctant Neighbor: Turkey's Role in the Middle East (Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996), pp. 113–29.

230. Blank, Pelletier and Johnsen, Turkey's Strategic Position at the Crossroads of World Affairs.

231. Blank, Pelletier and Johnsen, Turkey's Strategic Position at the Crossroads of World Affairs.

232. Aygan as quoted in İmset, The PKK: A Report on Separatist Violence in Turkey (1973–1992), p. 170.

233. Fact Book on Turkey: Kurds and PKK Terrorism, p. 52.

234. İmset, The PKK: A Report on Separatist Violence in Turkey (1973–1992), p. 172.

235. Andrew Mango, Turkey: The Challenge of a New Role (Washington: The Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1993), p. 56.

236. Muslih, “Syria and Turkey: Uneasy Relations,” in Barkey, Reluctant Neighbor: Turkey's Role in the Middle East, pp. 113–29.

237. Blank, Pelletier and Johnsen, Turkey's Strategic Position at the Crossroads of World Affairs.

238. Gunter, Kurds and the Future of Turkey, p. 114.

239. Ross and Miller, “The Effects of Oppositional Political Terrorism, Five Actors Based Model,” p. 100.

240. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 930432.

241. Personal interview with Abdülkadir Aksu, 1993.

242. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 950345.

243. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 950345.

244. Milliyet, Sabah and Hürriyet, March 17, 28, 31 – April 1–5, 1995.

245. Mango, Turkey: The Challenge of a New Role, p. 797.

246. Tschanguiz Pahlavan, “Turkish–Iranian Relations: An Iranian View,” in Barkey, Reluctant Neighbor: Turkey's Role in the Middle East, pp. 71–91.

247. OHBV/GÖY Arc./D/Ter. Doc. Rap. 950345.

248. Sabah and Milliyet, March 28–29, 1995.

249. Fact Book on Turkey: Kurds and PKK Terrorism, p. 54.

250. “A Hellenic Heaven,” Time, March 30, 1998, p. 33.

251. Laçiner, “MED-TV'nin Etki ve İşlevleri,” pp. 119–32.

252. For details, see Sedat Laçiner, “Bölücü Televizyon Yayıncılığı ve Uluslararası Bağlantıları: MED-TV Örnek Olayı 1994–1999,” pp. 329–71.

253. Ross and Miller, “The Effects of Oppositional Political Terrorism, Five Actors Based Model,” pp. 76–107.

254. Ross and Miller, “The Effects of Oppositional Political Terrorism, Five Actors Based Model,” p. 80.

255. Tempo, Sept. 23, 1992; İhsan Bal, “Prevention of Terrorism in Liberal Democracies: The Case Study of Turkey,” Chapter VI, p. 141.

256. İmset, The PKK: A Report on Separatist Violence in Turkey (1973–1992), p. 156.

257. Sabah, April 20, 1995.

258. TRT News, April 19, 1995.

259. TRT News, Sept. 19–20, 1995.

260. Sedat Laçiner, “PKK Yatırımlardan Haraç Alıyor”, Milliyet, Aug. 11, 1994.

261. Milliyet, Nov. 1, 1993.

262. Der Spiegel in Hürriyet, Feb. 21, 1995.

263. Paul Wilkinson, “Terrorism Versus Liberal Democracy: The Problem of Response,” in William F. Gutteridge, The New Terrorism (London: Mansell Publishing, 1986), p. 62.

264. Graham E. Fuller, “The Fate of the Kurds,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72, No. 2 (Spring 1993), pp. 108–21.

265. Gunter, Kurds and the Future of Turkey, p. 108.

266. Winrow and Kirişçi, The Kurdish Question and Turkey.

267. David Barchard, Turkey and the European Union (London: CER, 1998), p. 174.

268. Criss, “The Nature of PKK Terrorism in Turkey,” pp. 17–37.

269. Hamit Bozarslan, “Political Crisis and the Kurdish Issue in Turkey,” in Olson, The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in the 1990s: Its Impact on Turkey and the Middle East, pp. 135–53.

270. Bozarslan, “Political Aspects of the Kurdish Problem in Turkey,” in Kreyenbroek and Sperl, The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, p. 105.

271. Van Bruinessen, “Between Guerrilla War and Political Murder: The Worker's Party of Kurdistan,” p. 40.

272. Van Bruinessen, “Between Guerrilla War and Political Murder: The Worker's Party of Kurdistan,” p. 41.

273. EGMA/TMDB Arc./Sec. Doc. 960113.

274. Bal and Laçiner, “The Challenge of Revolutionary Terrorism to Turkish Democracy, 1960–80,” pp. 90–115.

275. Winrow and Kirişçi, The Kurdish Question and Turkey, pp. 120–25.

276. Winrow and Kirişçi, The Kurdish Question and Turkey, pp. 123–25.

277. Winrow and Kirişçi, The Kurdish Question and Turkey, p. 122.

278. SHP Güneydoğu Raporu, 1990, p. ??.

279. Criss, “The Nature of PKK Terrorism in Turkey,” pp. 17–37.

280. İsmail Beşikçi, Kürtlerin Mecburi İskanı (Ankara: Yurt Kitap Yayın, 1991), p. 10.

281. SHP Güneydoğu Raporu, pp. 11–16.

282. Ross and Miller, “The Effects of Oppositional Political Terrorism, Five Actors Based Model,” p. 96.

283. Ross and Miller, “The Effects of Oppositional Political Terrorism, Five Actors Based Model,” pp. 97–99.

284. Şeref Ünal, Milletlerarası Hukuk Açısından Güneydoğu Sorunu ve Terörle Mücadele (Ankara: TBMM Yayınları, 1997), p. 22.

285. For the British case, see Laçiner, İngiltere, Terör, Kuzey İrlanda Sorunu ve İnsan Hakları; Sedat Laçiner, “İngiltere'de Yeni Terörizm Yasası: Londra PKK ve DHKP-C'yi Yasaklıyor mu?,” Stratejik Analiz, Vol. 2, No. 15 (July 2001), pp. 98–108

286. Personal interview with Abdülkadir Aksu, 1993.

287. İhsan Bal, “Prevention of Terrorism in Liberal Democracies: The Case Study of Turkey,” p. 124.

288. Financial Times, July 24, 1992.

289. Financial Times, July 24, 1992.

290. Ben-Ami, “Basque Nationalism between Archaism and Modernity,” pp. 498–502.

291. Personal inteview with Selim Cebiroğlu, 1993.

292. Personal interview with Abdülkadir Aksu, 1993.

293. Sabah, April 8, 1995.

294. EGMA/TMDB Arc. /Sec. Doc. 940348.

295. Sabah, April 12, 1995.

296. Sabah, April 12, 1995.

297. Sabah, April 12, 1995.

298. Barkey and Fuller, “Turkey's Kurdish Question: Critical Turning Points and Missed Opportunities,” pp. 57–79.

299. Winrow and Kirişçi, The Kurdish Question and Turkey.

300. Michael Gunter, Kurds in Turkey: A Political Dilemma (Boulder: Westview, 1990).

301. Criss, “The Nature of PKK Terrorism in Turkey,” pp. 17–37.

302. Dilmaç, Terörizm Sorunu ve Türkiye.

303. İhsan Bal and Önder Aytaç, “Terörle Mücadelede Güvenlik ve Basın İlişkileri,” Yeni Türkiye, Vol. 4, No. 14 (Spring 1997), pp. 75–110.

304. Ross and Miller, “The Effects of Oppositional Political Terrorism, Five Actors Based Model,” pp. 76–107.

• 305. For details of his ideas see: Paul Wilkinson, Terrorism and the Liberal State (London: Macmillan, 1986); Wilkinson, “Terrorism versus Liberal Democracy: The Problem of Response,” in Gutteridge, The New Terrorism; Paul Wilkinson, “Fighting the Hydra: International Terrorism and the Rule of Law,” in N. O'Sullivan, Terrorism, Ideology and Revolution (Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books, 1986); Paul Wilkinson, “Trends in International Terrorism and the American Response,” in R. J. Vincent, Terrorism and International Order (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., 1986); Paul Wilkinson, “Policy on Terrorism: An Assessment,” in J. Lodge, The Threat of Terrorism (Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books, 1988); Paul Wilkinson, “Pathways Out of Terrorism for Democratic Societies,” in Paul Wilkinson and M. S. Alasdair, Contemporary Research on Terrorism (Aberdeen: University Press, 1989); Paul Wilkinson, “The Sources of Terrorism: Terrorists' Ideologies and Beliefs,” in C. W. Kegley Jr., International Terrorism Characteristics, Causes, Controls (New York: St. Martins, 1990); Paul Williams, “The Role of Military in Combating Terrorism in a Democratic Society,” Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 8, No. 30 (Autumn 1996), pp. 1–11.

• 306. For the post-1999 era. see Michale Radu, “The Rise and Fall of the PKK,” Orbis. Vol. 45, No. 1 (Winter 2001), pp 47-65; Micjael Gunter, “The Continuing Kurdish Problem in Turkey after Öcalan's Capture,” Third Workld Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 5 (2000), pp. 849–69