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Abstract
The paper gave an empirical assessment of the role played by the United Nations (UN) on the repatriation of the African National Congress (ANC) liberation archives from all over the world back to South Africa. The paper employed a case study design. Data were collected through interviews and analysis of documents. The study found that little role was played by the UN to enforce international treaties or conventions to member states to repatriate ANC missing liberation archives from countries such as Italy and Spain. The study concluded that ANC is to engage in bilateral and multilateral relations to influence the repatriation of liberation archives.
Notes
1 Dewah and Feni-Fete, Citation2014, Digitisation liberation archives, 17
2 Ngoepe and Netshakhuma, 2018, repatriation of ANC archives, 09
3 Maaba, 2013, The History of Liberation archives at Fort Hare.
4 Anderson and Hart, Citation2016 Challenges in digitising liberation archives: a case study.
5 Sleiman, Citation2016, The paper trail of a liberation movement.
6 Namhlia, 2015. Archives of Anti-Colonial Resistance and the Liberation Struggle (AACRLS) Namibia, 176.
7 Dewah and Feni-Fete, 2014, Digitisation liberation archives, 18.
8 Ngoepe and Netshakhuma, 2018, repatriation of ANC archives.
9 Pfister, The diplomacy of the African National Congress, Citation2003.
10 Ngoepe and Netshakhuma, 2018, repatriation of ANC archives.
11 Saunders, 2009, Documenting liberation records, 66.
12 Mnjama, Citation2012, Migrated archive, 24.
13 Lowry, 2019. “Displaced archives” proposing a research agenda.
14 Lowry (2017) Introduction: displaced archives. In: Lowry J (ed) Displaced archives. Routledge, 11
15 Brubeck, 1990, Recognition of the African National Congress and the Apartheid Government.
16 Ibid
17 Mauze, Citation2010, Domestic and International Repatriation, 91.
18 Pickover, 2009, Contestations, Ownership, Access and ideology, 3.
19 Munchen 2004, p. 221
20 Ngoepe and Netshakhuma 2018, repatriation of archives.
21 Flicks, Citation2015 “Repatriating American film heritage or heritage hoarding? Digital opportunities for traditional film archive policy, 21
22 Lee, 2014, Review of “Conceptualizing 21st Century Archives,3.
23 Myers, 2017, Nazi Archives and the Americans.
24 Sleiman, 2016, “The paper trail of a liberation movement”
25 Netshakhuma, 2016, exploration of the digitisation strategies
26 Reppas, 2008, International Museums,120
27 Cox, 2011, National Archives and International Conflicts, 458.
28 Ghoshray Citation2007, Repatriation of the Kohinoor Diamond, 758.
29 Netshakhuma 2016, exploration of the digitisation strategies, 27.
30 Roehrenbeck 2010, Repatriation of Cultural Property, 193.
31 Ibid, 193.
32 Ibid., 195.
33 Ibid.,195.
34 Ibid.,195.
35 Montgomery 2010, Counterpoint Returning Evidence, 152.
36 Ngulube Citation2002, The future of the past,
37 Montgomery 2010, Counterpoint Returning Evidence, 155
38 Ibid
39 Roehrenbeck 2010, Repatriation of Cultural Property, 196
40 Ibid, 195.
41 Montgomery 2010, p. 157.
42 Eberhard and McEwen, Citation2011, Development and implementation for the International Council on Archives’ Universal declaration on archive .
43 Ibid., 158.
44 Roehrenbeck, 2010, Repatriation of Cultural Property.
45 Ghoshray 2007, Repatriation of the Kohinoor Diamond, 761
46 Roehrenbeck, 2010, Repatriation of Cultural Property, 196.
47 Reppas 2008, International Museums, 119.
48 Williams, 2010, 48
49 Montgomery, 2010, Counterpoint Returning Evidence, 156.
50 Ibid., 156.
51 Williams 2014, 48.
52 Roehrenberg, 2010, Repatriation of Cultural Property, 197.
53 Ibid, 197.
54 Audland 2007, The Historical Archives of the European Union,19.
55 Mnjama, 2012, Migrated archives revisited.
56 Montgomery, 2010, Counterpoint Returning Evidence, 160.
57 Hathway, 2007, Why do countries commit to Human Rights Treaties, 09.
58 Mauze, 2010, Domestic and International Repatriation, 96.
59 Montgomery, 2010, Counterpoint Returning Evidence, 161. Reppas Citation2008, International Museums, 112.
60 Garaba, 2011, Provenance, Identification, restitution and management, 28.
61 Reppas 2008, Empty “International” Museums’ Trophy Cases of Their Looted Treasures and Return Stolen Property.
62 Pickover, 2009, Contestations, Ownership, Access and ideology, 7.
63 Ghoshray, 2007, Repatriation of the Kohinoor Diamond, 764.
64 Audland, 2007, The Historical Archives of the European Union, 190.
65 Phillips, 2016, Research Notes. The “Migrated Archives,” 1002.
66 Chechi, Citation2007, The Return of Cultural objects removed in times of colonial domination and internation lw: The case of the Venus of Crene.
67 Lowry, 2019, “Displaced archives”, proposing a research agenda.
68 Maaba, 2010, The History and politics of liberation archives at the University of Fort Hare, 50. Montgomery, Citation2010, Counterpoint Returning Evidence to the Scene of the Crime, 168.
69 Chisita, Shoko, Rusero and Ngoaketse, 2020, “Media, libraries and archives Unearthing the Missing Link in Zimbabwe.
70 Chechi, 2007.
71 Ibid.
72 Saunders, 2009, Documenting Liberation Struggles in Southern Africa, 33.
73 Karabinos, 2013, Displaced Archives, Displayed History: Recovering the Seized Archives of Indonesia.
74 Maaba, 2010, The History and politics of liberation archives, 48.
75 Rawlings, Citation2015, Lost Files, Forgotten Papers and Colonial Disclosures, 196.
76 Ibid., 69.
77 Cuno, 2014, The Case Against Repatriating Museum Artefacts, 2014.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Nkholedzeni Sidney Netshakhuma
Sidney Netshakhuma is a Deputy Director of Records and Archives at the University of Mpumalanga in South Africa. Before this position, Dr. Netshakhuma worked for the South Africa Public Service for 12 years as Deputy Manager Information and Records Management, SANParks as the records manager, and the African National Congress as the archivists. Dr. Netshakhuma holds a BA (History and Political Studies), BTECH (Archival Studies), BPHIL (Honours) Information and Knowledge Management, Post Diploma in Records and Archives Management, Postgraduate Diploma in Heritage and Museum Studies, Advance Certificate in Records and Archives Management, Masters of Information Science from the University of South Africa and he recently completed a doctoral programme in archives and records management at UNISA. He served as the Advisory committee member of UNISA Centre for Applied Communication (Records and Archives Management), He is currently a Deputy Chairperson of the South Africa Higher Education Records Management Forum, He also served as the advisor (Reference Group for the Mpumalanga Records Management Forum.