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Research Article

Fun, running and the jogging boom in Britain, 1970s–1980s

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Published online: 26 Apr 2024
 

ABSTRACT

During the 1970s and 1980s, Britain experienced a ‘jogging boom’. Jogging, a slower form of running, became popular as a leisure activity and to improve health. All over the country, joggers took part in ‘fun runs’, short events which contrasted with longer, more serious competitive running races. By 1978, there were over a million runners in Britain. The sudden, rapid growth of jogging and fun running is a phenomenon that needs explaining, especially as it was one which met with conflicting responses. For some, jogging was the solution to a range of health and social issues, whereas for others it was a symptom of individual and collective malaise. Drawing on an analysis of books that encouraged people to take up jogging; how jogging was regarded in the popular and medical press; and the example of the Health Education Council’s Great British Fun Run; I expose a set of deeper concerns. The jogging boom coincided with, and reinforced, growing consumerism, individualism, and healthism. Reactions against jogging were a rejoinder to these larger shifts. I argue that fun running and the jogging boom thus offer insight into a moment of profound social, economic and cultural change in Britain.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

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2 Anon, ‘Jogging a Form of Masochism’, The Guardian, 6 February 1979.

3 William J. Bowerman and W. E. Harris, Jogging: A Physical Fitness Program for All Ages (Ace Books, 1967), 8.

4 Alan Latham, ‘The History of a Habit: Jogging as a Palliative to Sedentariness in 1960s America’, Cultural Geographies 22, no. 1 (1 January 2015): 103–26, https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474013491927; Thor Gotaas, Running: A Global History (London: Reaktion Books, 2009).

5 James Fixx, The Complete Book of Running (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979), x; Mildred Blaxter, Health and Lifestyles (Routledge, 2003), 121.

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8 Aled Davies, Ben Jackson, and Florence Sutcliffe-Braithwaite, eds., The Neoliberal Age?: Britain Since the 1970s (London: UCL Press, 2021).

9 James Vernon, Modern Britain, 1750 to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), 476–77; 507–8.

10 Jurgen Martschukat, The Age of Fitness: How the Body Came to Symbolize Success and Achievement, trans. Alex Skinner, 1st ed. (Medford: Polity, 2021); Brad Millington, ‘Fit for Prosumption: Interactivity and the Second Fitness Boom’, Media, Culture & Society 38, no. 8 (2016): 1184–1200, https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443716643150.

11 Jennifer Smith Maguire, Fit for Consumption: Sociology and the Business of Fitness (Routledge, 2007); Benjamin Houston, Creating the Consumer-Runner: The Impact of Medicine, Commercialization, and Public Awareness on the Popularization of Long-Distance Running in the United States during the Twentieth Century (Western Illinois University, 2015).

12 Jon Lawrence, Me, Me, Me: The Search for Community in Post-War England (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 12.

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22 Gotaas, Running: A Global History.

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27 Gotaas, Running: A Global History, 240–44.

28 Latham, ‘The History of a Habit.’

29 Bowerman and Harris, Jogging, 7.

30 Ibid., 22.

31 Mattias Qviström, ‘Competing Geographies of Recreational Running: The Case of the “Jogging Wave” in Sweden in the Late 1970s’, Health & Place 46 (1 July 2017): 351–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.12.002.

32 Darcy C. Plymire, ‘A Moral Exercise: Long-Distance Running in the 1970s’ (PhD, University of Iowa, 1997), 4.

33 Latham, ‘The History of a Habit’.

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35 Phil Knight, Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of NIKE, 1st ed. (London: Simon & Schuster UK, 2018).

36 Plymire, ‘A Moral Exercise’, 10.

37 Ibid., 12–13.

38 Muriel R. Gillick, ‘Health Promotion, Jogging, and the Pursuit of the Moral Life’, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 9, no. 3 (1 June 1984): 383, https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-9-3-369.

39 Aaron L. Haberman, ‘Thousands of Solitary Runners Come Together: Individualism and Communitarianism in the 1970s Running Boom’, Journal of Sport History 44, no. 1 (2017): 47.

40 Darcy C. Plymire, ‘Running, Heart Disease, and the Ironic Death of Jim Fixx’, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 73, no. 1 (March 2002): 38–46, https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2002.10608990.

41 James Hewitt, Jogging Your Way to Health and Fitness (London: New English Library, 1978).

42 Rob Hunter, The Spur Book of Jogging (Bourne End: Spur Books, 1979).

43 Harcourt Roy, Jogging: The Anytime Exercise (Wellingborough: Thorsons Publishers, 1978), 10.

44 Fixx, The Complete Book of Running, x.

45 Roy, Jogging: The Anytime Exercise, 10.

46 Ibid., 18.

47 Fixx, The Complete Book of Running, 9.

48 Roy, Jogging: The Anytime Exercise, 11.

49 Fixx, The Complete Book of Running, x.

50 Isabel Fletcher, ‘Defining an Epidemic: The Body Mass Index in British and US Obesity Research 1960–2000’, Sociology of Health & Illness 36, no. 3 (1 March 2014): 338–53, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.12050; Roberta Bivins, ‘Weighing on Us All? Quantification and Cultural Responses to Obesity in NHS Britain’, History of Science 58, no. 2 (2020): 216–42, https://doi.org/10.1177/0073275319842965.

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52 Bowerman and Harris, Jogging, 11.

53 Charlotte Macdonald, Strong, Beautiful and Modern: National Fitness in Britain, New Zealand, Australia and Canada, 1935–1960 (UBC Press, 2013); Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Managing the Body: Beauty, Health, and Fitness in Britain 1880–1939 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

54 Jennifer Smith Maguire, ‘Body Lessons: Fitness Publishing and the Cultural Production of the Fitness Consumer’, International Review for the Sociology of Sport 37, no. 3–4 (1 December 2002): 449–64, https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690202037004896; Natalia Mehlman Petrzela, Fit Nation: The Gains and Pains of America’s Exercise Obsession (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2023), https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/F/bo184287097.html; Shari L. Dworkin and Faye Linda Wachs, Body Panic: Gender, Health, and the Selling of Fitness (NYU Press, 2009).

55 Gotaas, Running: A Global History, 279–80.

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60 Schultz, ‘Breaking into the Marathon’.

61 Ailsa Ross, ‘The Woman Who Crashed the Boston Marathon’, JSTOR Daily, 18 March 2018, https://daily.jstor.org/the-woman-who-crashed-the-boston-marathon/.

62 Kathrine Switzer, Marathon Woman: Running the Race to Revolutionize Women’s Sports (Hachette Books, 2017).

63 ‘A History of Women’s Running’, Runner’s World, 7 March 2019, https://www.runnersworld.com/uk/training/motivation/a26748147/a-history-of-womens-running/.

64 Bowerman and Harris, Jogging, 13, 21.

65 Rob Hunter, The Spur Book of Jogging (Bourne End: Spur Books, 1979), 9.

66 Cook Shirley, The Diary of a Jogging Housewife: The Fun Way to Health and Vitality (Denver: Accent Books, 1978).

67 Hewitt, Jogging Your Way to Health and Fitness, 10.

68 Bowerman and Harris, Jogging, 11.

69 Fixx, The Complete Book of Running, x.

70 Ibid., xv.

71 Donald Porter, Inner Running (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1978).

72 Fixx, The Complete Book of Running, 9.

73 Thaddeus Kostrubala, The Joy of Running (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1976), 60.

74 Fixx, The Complete Book of Running, 19.

75 Ibid., 3.

76 Roy, Jogging: The Anytime Exercise, 19.

77 Hunter, The Spur Book of Jogging, 9.

78 Mike Huggins, The Victorians and Sport (A&C Black, 2004); J.A. Mangan, Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public School: The Emergence and Consolidation of an Educational Ideology, Reissue edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009); J.A. Mangan, A Sport-Loving Society: Victorian and Edwardian Middle-Class England at Play (Taylor & Francis, 2006).

79 Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Managing the Body; Macdonald, Strong, Beautiful and Modern.

80 Virginia Berridge, Marketing Health: Smoking and the Discourse of Public Health in Britain, 1945–2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).

81 Jane Hand, ‘Marketing Health Education: Advertising Margarine and Visualising Health in Britain from 1964–c.2000’, Contemporary British History 31, no. 4 (2017): 477–500; Virginia Berridge and Kelly Loughlin, ‘Smoking and the New Health Education in Britain 1950s-1970s’, American Journal of Public Health 95, no. 6 (June 2005): 956–64; Alex Mold, ‘“Everybody Likes a Drink. Nobody Likes a Drunk”. Alcohol, Health Education and the Public in 1970s Britain’, Social History of Medicine 30, no. 3 (1 August 2017): 612–36, https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkw094.

82 Department of Health and Social Security, Prevention and Health: Everybody’s Business. A Reassessment of Public and Personal Health (London: H.M.S.O, 1976), 7.

83 Heggie, ‘A Century of Cardiomythology’.

84 Thomas J. Bassler, ‘Marathon Running and Immunity to Atherosclerosis’, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 301, no. 1 (1977): 579–92, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1977.tb38231.x.

85 Paul D. Thompson et al., ‘Incidence of Death during Jogging in Rhode Island from 1975 through 1980’, JAMA 247, no. 18 (14 May 1982): 2535–38.

86 Michael Ibrahim, ‘In Support of Jogging’, American Journal of Public Health 73, no. 2 (1983): 136–37.

87 Michael Lichtenstein, ‘Jogging in Middle Age’ 35 (July 1985): 341–45.

88 H. Bethell, D. Jewell, and P. Burke, ‘Medical Hazards of a Four-Km Fun Run’, British Journal of Sports Medicine 25, no. 4 (1991): 181–82.

89 Heggie, ‘A Century of Cardiomythology’, 295.

90 ‘A Strange New Trend from America Appeared in Hyde Park. A BBC Reporter When to Try out This Mysterious “Jogging”’, 6 May 1971, https://archive.org/details/twitter-1258003582756048897.

91 Fishlock, ‘12,000 Run for Fun and Health.’

92 Richard Holt and Tony Mason, Sport in Britain Since 1945, 1st ed. (Oxford, UK; Malden, MA, USA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2000); Porter and Wagg, Amateurism in British Sport; Smith and Porter, Amateurs and Professionals in Post-War British Sport.

93 Fishlock, ‘12,000 Run for Fun and Health’.

94 Geoffrey Wheatcroft, ‘Keeping Fat’, The Spectator, 7 October 1978.

95 Jean Baudrillard, America (London: Verso, 2010), 19.

96 Baudrillard, America, 20.

97 Ibid.

98 Ibid., 21.

99 Haberman, ‘Thousands of Solitary Runners Come Together’, 38.

100 R. Crawford, ‘Healthism and the Medicalization of Everyday Life’, International Journal of Health Services: Planning, Administration, Evaluation 10, no. 3 (1980): 365–88. https://doi.org/10.2190/3H2H-3XJN-3KAY-G9NY.

101 Wheatcroft, ‘Keeping Fat’.

102 Alex Mold et al., Placing the Public in Public Health in Post-War Britain, 1948–2012 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), 74–77.

103 Blaxter, Health and Lifestyles, 120–21.

104 Berridge and Loughlin, ‘Smoking and the New Health Education in Britain 1950s-1970s’; Mold, ‘“Everybody Likes a Drink. Nobody Likes a Drunk”. Alcohol, Health Education and the Public in 1970s Britain’; Alex Mold and Hannah Elizabeth, ‘Superman vs. Nick O’Teen: Anti-Smoking Campaigns and Children in 1980s Britain’, Palgrave Communications 5, no. 1 (1 October 2019): 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0326-6.

105 Hand, ‘“Look after Yourself”’.

106 Mold, ‘Consuming Health? Health Education and the British Public in the 1980s’, in Posters, Protests and Prescriptions: Cultural Histories of the National Health Service in Britain, ed. Jennifer Crane and Jane Hand (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2022), 127–49.

107 David Player, ‘Sport for All, Health for All’, World Health Forum 7 (1986): 374–79.

108 Peter Linthwaite, ‘Great British Fun Run’, Health Education Journal 44, no. 4 (1985): 219.

109 Player, ‘Sport for All, Health for All’.

110 Anon, ‘Note of Meeting Held at the HEC to Discuss Initiation of a Mass Participation Round Britain Fun Run’, no date, Wellcome Library, SA/HEC/B/29/1/5.

111 Anon, ‘GBFR Outline of Arrangements’, 5 March 1983, Wellcome Library, SA/HEC/B/29/1/5.

112 ‘Promotional Leaflet for GBFR’, 1984, Wellcome Library, SA/HEC/B/29/1/5.

113 Anon, ‘GBFR Outline of Arrangements’; Anon, ‘Last Call for Entries’, 19 July 1983, Wellcome Library, SA/HEC/B/29/1/5.

114 Anon, ‘Notes for Policy Meeting’, 18 August 1983, Wellcome Library, SA/HEC/B/29/1/5.

115 Will Chapman, ‘GBFR Discussion Document’, 6 September 1983, Wellcome Library, SA/HEC/B/29/1/5.

116 Bowerman and Harris, Jogging, 41.

117 ‘Letter from Patrick Squire, Fitness Advisory Services to Kathy Crilley, Administrator of GBFR’, 19 September 1983, Wellcome Library, SA/HEC/B/29/1/5.

118 Player, ‘Sport for All, Health for All’, 375.

119 ‘Letter from Linda Batt-Rawden, GBFR, to David Player’, 4 November 1983, Wellcome Library, SA/HEC/B/29/1/5.

120 Anon, ‘Notes for Policy Meeting’.

121 Player, ‘Sport for All, Health for All’, 374.

122 Michael Jacob, ‘Width or Quality? Mass Media Coverage of the Great British Fun Run’, no date, Wellcome Library, SA/HEC/B/29/1/1.

123 Player, ‘Sport for All, Health for All’, 379.

124 Herrick, Governing Health and Consumption, 122–25.

125 Heggie, ‘A Century of Cardiomythology’, 290.

126 Jeroen Scheerder, Koen Breedveld, and Julie Borgers, Running Across Europe: The Rise and Size of One of the Largest Sport Markets (Springer, 2015); Finn Nilson et al., ‘Has the Second “Running Boom” Democratized Running? A Study on the Sociodemographic Characteristics of Finishers at the World’s Largest Half Marathon’, Sport in Society 24, no. 4 (3 April 2021): 659–69, https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2019.1703687.

127 ‘Active Lives Adult Survey November 2021-22 Report’, n.d.

128 Mold et al., Placing the Public in Public Health in Post-War Britain, 1948–2012.

129 ‘Against Exercise by Mark Greif’, Versobooks.Com, https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3428-against-exercise-by-mark-greif (accessed 15 May 2018).

130 Nicholas Hellen and Andrew Gregory, ‘Coronavirus Lockdown: Give Dog-Walkers More Room, Army of Joggers Told’, sec. news, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/coronavirus-lockdown-give-dog-walkers-more-room-army-of-joggers-told-3bx6w6qb7 (accessed 11 June 2020); ‘Horrific Video Shows Runners Breath Can Spread “Cloud of Coronavirus over 2m”’, The Sun, 9 April 2020, https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/11360637/video-runners-breath-spread-coronavirus/; ‘Joggers v Walkers: The Battle for Our Pathways during the Coronavirus Crisis’, The Guardian, 30 March 2020, sec. Life and style, https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/mar/30/joggers-v-walkers-the-battle-for-our-pathways-during-the-coronavirus-crisis; Jurgen Thoelen-The Lifelong Athlete, ‘Belgian-Dutch Study: Why in Times of COVID-19 You Should Not Walk/Run/Bike Close behind Each Other’, Medium (blog), 3 August 2021, https://medium.com/@jurgenthoelen/belgian-dutch-study-why-in-times-of-covid-19-you-can-not-walk-run-bike-close-to-each-other-a5df19c77d08; B. Blocken et al., ‘Towards Aerodynamically Equivalent COVID-19 1.5 m Social Distancing for Walking and Running’, 2020, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Towards-aerodynamically-equivalent-COVID-19-1.5-m-Blocken-Malizia/bea48447764cd4ce84ac9d0e9fa2201a40160fc5.

131 Vybarr Cregan-Reid, ‘Running Wilde: Landscape, the Body, and the History of the Treadmill’, Critical Survey 24, no. 3 (December 2012): 73–91; Vybarr Cregan-Reid, ‘The Treadmill is 200 This Year – High Time It Got a Makeover’, The Guardian, 10 January 2017, sec. Life and style, https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/the-running-blog/2017/jan/10/the-treadmill-is-200-this-year-high-time-it-got-a-makeover; Vybarr Cregan-Reid, Footnotes: How Running Makes Us Human, 1st ed. (London: Ebury Press, 2016).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Alex Mold

Alex Mold is Professor of Public Health History, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.

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