The Field of Cloth of Gold: Guînes and the Calais Pale Revisited

Abstract

Henry VIII’s temporary palace built for the Field of Cloth of Gold in June 1520 is well known from the contemporary painting, but its precise location near the castle of Guînes has remained a mystery. Although the castle has all but vanished, it is extraordinarily well recorded in a fine series of Tudor surveys that include the earliest English measured plan, and numerous depictions of the extensive Calais Pale. A reconstruction of the historic landscape character of the English Pale from maps and documentary sources demonstrates the wide variety of downland, sandlings and marsh (both silt and peat fenland), and the role of the extensive marais in the economy and defence of Guînes and the Pale. The setting of the castle of Hames is explained, and the great Tudor reclamation project depicted on a contemporary map can now be located. With an understanding of the surrounding landscape, the topography of the town and castle of Guînes may be better understood, and can be re-examined with the 16th-century English plans and the Napoleonic cadastre, and in the light of modern French excavations. The outline of the lost castle can thus be fitted on the modern town plan, and the reconstructed map explains the events in the Hampton Court painting of the Field of Cloth of Gold as the route of Henry VIII’s ‘Joyous Entry’ into the town from the Calais; and so it provides the most likely location for the lost palace.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I must first thank Brendan Hughes, whose invitation gave me an opportunity to begin the research and visit the Field and the archives in Arras, and the assistance of Jon Willers who arranged the visit to the Field and the archives. In Arras at the Pas-de-Calais Archives, and in Lille at the DRAC (Nord) archives we were given every assistance. In Guînes we were welcomed by the town, and M. Jacques Louf, doyen of the town’s history generously provided us with valuable information, while Stuart Ainsworth came and tested our suspicions. Simon Thurley, late of English Heritage, has kindly shared the results of his research on Guînes, and Peter Barber of the British Library has shared his knowledge of the Cotton maps. Georgina Slater has redrawn the figures with exemplary care, and I am also grateful to the Oxford Archaeology graphics office for their kind assistance. I have also benefited from discussions with Glen Richardson who has shared his insights on his current research on the Field with me; with John Tomkinson who is the expert on the defences of Guînes, and with Edward Impey. The late John Bradley provided valuable illumination on the matter of the Dublin Pale as he has over many years in discussions on English settlements in Ireland. My wife Alison led our later explorations of the Pale, and yet for some curious reason was less than enthusiastic about road navigation using 16th-century maps of waterways.

Notes

1 This study was initiated for a television programme on the archaeology of Henry VIII’s palaces, a Time Team Special on ‘Henry VIII’s Lost Palaces’, broadcast Easter Monday (13 April) 2009; in the event, the Field of Cloth of Gold made only a passing appearance in the broadcast programme, and I am grateful to Director Brendan Hughes for permission to use this material. A preliminary report on the findings was delivered to the Royal Archaeological Institute, 8 December 2010, at Burlington House. It is dedicated to my late colleague John Bradley (1954–2014) of Kilkenny and Maynooth, whose important contribution to the study of Irish towns and English settlement will survive his sadly unexpected demise.

2 My old friend Robin Bagot of Kiddington Hall recalled his visits (when very young) to the neighbouring Ditchley Park c.1920, and being very civilly entertained by Lord Dillon (then very old); invitations from Ditchley were brought on a silver salver by the butler on foot to his father (HM Gaskell) at Kiddington.

3 Hon. HA Dillon, ‘Calais and the Pale’, Archaeologia, LIII/2, 1893, 289–388.

4 London, The National Archives (hereafter TNA), E315/371 and 372, Court of Augmentations: Miscellaneous Books (Rentals and Surveys); PDA Harvey, Maps in Tudor England, London, 1993, 31–36.

5 HM Colvin, ‘The King’s works in France’, in Colvin et al., History of the King’s Works III 1485–1669, Part 1, London, 1975, 337–94.

6 David Grummitt, The Calais Garrison: War and Military Service in England, 1436–1558, Woodbridge, 2008; Susan Rose, Calais: An English Town in France, 1347–1558, Woodbridge, 2008.

7 JG Russell, Field of Cloth of Gold: Men and Manners in 1520, London, 1969; Glenn Richardson, The Field of the Cloth of Gold, New Haven and London, 2013.

8 Sydney Anglo, ‘The Hampton Court painting of the Field of Cloth of Gold considered as an historical document’, Antiquaries Journal, XLVI, 1966, 285–307.

9 Stephane Curveiller (ed.), Éric Buy, Jacques Louf, et al., Guîines des origines à nos jours, Balinghem, les Editions du Camp du Drap d’Or, 2007.

10 Oliver Millar, The Tudor, Stuart and Early Georgian Pictures in the Collection of Her Majesty The Queen, London, 1963, I, 55–56 (cat. 25); ibid., II, pl. 11.

11 For the capture of Calais, see Rose, op. cit., chap. 1; for its fall, see Grummitt, op. cit., chap. 8.

12 Mary’s statement, which has the authority of Holinshed from Mistress Rise [Rhys], a lady of the bedchamber: ‘when I am dead and opened, you shall find Calis lieng in my hart’ [R. Holinshed, Chronicles of England, 1587, Oxford Holinshed Project, VI, 1160; as Henry Ellis (ed.), Holinshed’s Chronicles, IV, London, 1808, 137] is held to be apocryphal by Ann Weikel, ‘Mary I (1516–1558)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford, 2004; online edn, January 2008, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18245 [accessed 22August 2014], but as Mistress Rhys was no invention [F Madden, Privy Purse Accounts of the Princess Mary . . . afterward Queen Mary (1536–44), London, 1831, 207], it is hard to see why Holinshed should have made it up.

13 London, British Library (hereafter BL), Cotton MS, Augustus I.ii.57B, ‘The Platt of the Lowe Countrye att Calleys Drawne in October the 37th yeare of the Raigne of our Soueraigne Lord King Henrye the Eighte, By mee Thomas Pettyt’.

14 BL, Cotton MS, Augustus I.ii.71, reproduced in a small but accurate copy in JG Nichols (ed.), ‘The Chronicle of Calais in the Reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII to the year 1540’, Camden Society, old ser., XXXV, 1846, and with many extracts given by Dillon, ‘Calais and the Pale’; a digital version is available online in the BL ‘Online Gallery’, http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/unvbrit/t/001cotaugi00002u00071000.html [accessed April 2015].

15 Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France (hereafter BNF), Département Cartes et Plans, GE B-8814 (RES), Nicolas de Nicolay (1517–83), Nouvelle description du pais de Boulonnois, comtee de Guines, terre d’Oye et ville de Calais, 950 × 775 mm, copper engraving on four sheets, scale c.1:75,000; online version at Gallica, the bibliotheque numerique of the BNF: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b72002499 [accessed April 2015]. For Nicolay, see Robert Karrow, Mapmakers of the Sixteenth Century and their Maps, Chicago, 1993, 435–443, who remarks that Nicolay had been involved in the fortification of Boulogne in 1544.

16 BNF, GED-8151 (RES), Nicolas de Nicolay, Caletensium et Bononiensium ditionis accurata delineatio. Descripta et edita a Nicolao Nicolai Delphinate Parisiis [1558], 335 × 240 mm; online version: http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55005257c.r=nicolay+ caletensium.langEN [accessed April 2015].

17 M van den Broecke, Ortelius Atlas Maps An Illustrated Guide, 2nd edn, ’t Goy-Houten, 2011, 183–87, map OA44 (plate 11 in the Atlas), and OA45 (version used after 1598).

18 Johannes Janssonius (1588–1664), Novus Atlas, Amsterdam, [4 vol. edn of 1640s], Vol. II (France, etc.): the plate Le Gouvernement de Calais, which did not appear in earlier editions, was dedicated to Cornelis Glarges (1599–1683), the Dutch Resident in Calais, 1633–72, and first appeared in the German edition (Novus Atlas, Amsterdam, 1644, II [47]), and then in the French edition (Nouvel Atlas ou Theatre du Monde, Amsterdam, 1645, II, pl. 7). For the atlas plates, see P van der Krogt (ed.), Koeman’s Atlantes Neerlandici. New Edition. Vol. I, The Mercator-Hondius-Janssonius- Atlases, Utrecht, 1997, 299 (1:413), 370 (1:424), and 637 (4120); plates described in vol. IIIB (2003).

19 The map is in the Archives departementales du Pas de Calais, maps and plans (ref. CPL 1414). The original, now lost, belonged to the family of Admiral Joseph Eugene de Poucques d’Herbinghem (1807–88); it was loaned in 1868 to General Barthelemy AJ Veron de Bellecourt (1814–81) for making a tracing, and the present copy was made from that one in 1876 by the archivist Jules-Aimee Cottel. Part was reproduced in Curveiller (ed.), op. cit., fig. 32; for an account of the discovery, see Stephane Curveiller, ‘Un document exceptionnel: une carte du Calaisis sous la domination anglaise de 1346 à 1558’, in J-C Cassard, Y Coativy, A Gallicé et al., Le prince, l’argent, les hommes au Moyen Âge: mélanges offerts à Jean Kerhervé, Rennes, 2008, 559–70; available online at http://books.openedition.org/pur/5385?lang=en.

20 TNA, E315/371 and 372, Court of Augmentations: Miscellaneous Books (Rentals and Surveys), Survey of Calais and the Marches, made 1556 (2 & 3 Philip and Mary), “The Description of the limits, ways, rivers, watergangs and perambulations and partitions of parishes of the same, by measure, from point to point, directed by compass marine, by the Low Country measure.’ Calais is in the first volume (fos 1–277), and most of the rural parishes in the second (fos. 278–545).

21 Rose, op, cit., 26; the 1360 text is in AR Myers, English Historical Documents: Volume 4, 1327–1485, London, 2nd edn, 1995, 104–05, from the full text in T Rymer, Foedera, The Hague, 3rd edn, 1740, III, pt II, 3; also E Cosneau, Les Grands Traités de la guerre de Cent ans, Paris, 1889, 42–43. In the 1559 treaty the places are named in article VII [P Forbes, A full view of the public transactions in the reign ofQ. Elizabeth, London, 1740, 71–72].

22 They are listed in Curveiller (ed.), op. cit., 84, and the historic components of the castellany of Guînes at p. 23.

23 Arras, Archives Départementales du Pas-de-Calais, hold the ‘cadastre ancien, dit napoléonien’, some 4,899 plans from between 1808 and 1839: http://www.archivespasdecalais.fr/Archives-en-ligne/Plans-cadastraux. For the ‘Napoleonic’ cadastre initiated in 1807, see RJP Kain, The Cadastral Map in the Service of the State, Chicago, 1992, 228ff.

24 Carte géologique détaillée de la France (scale 1:50,000), sheet 2, Calais (1989), and sheet 6, Guînes (1971).

25 The diary of White Kennett (1660–1728), quoted by Sir Emilius Laurie, Presidential Address, Transactions and Proceedings of the Dumfries and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, ser. II, XV, 1900, 8; C Landrin, Un voyage è Calais, Ardre et St. Omer en 1682. Extrait du journal de White Kennett (British Museum Lansdowne MS 937), Paris, 1893, 13. On p. 16 Kennett also notes progress on the first seven miles of construction on the Calais to St Omer canal, begun in 1680.

26 Curveiller (ed.), op. cit., 162.

27 Michel Cabal and Désiré Fachon, ‘Le Pont d’Ardres’, in Leau: Vie, Hygiène, Religion, Géographie ... dans le Nord de la France (39eme Congres de la Fédération des Sociétés Savantes du Nord de la France: Association culturelle et historique d’Ardres, Ardres, 1998), 17–24; Bernard Marrey, Les ponts modernes — 18e et 19e siècles, Paris, 1990, 32, 304.

28 CP Stacey (ed.), Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War, Vol. Ill The Victory Campaign. The Operations in North-West Europe, 1944–1945, Ottawa, 1966, 344ff. and map 27; the map is an OS 1:25,000 survey with defence overprint, Calais, 12 September 1944, copy in Library and Archives Canada, Directorate of History and Heritage, Maps: ‘Parts of sheets 38 NE, 39 NW, 28 SW: Calais, France 1944, ref. RG24M 1997–02033–5, Item 134 (MIKAN no. 2151540).

29 For the fens, see HC Darby, Medieval Fenland, Cambridge, 1940; ibid., The Draining of the Fens, Cambridge, 1940 and 1956; ibid., The Changing Fenland, Cambridge, 1983; Sir H Godwin, Fenland: Its Ancient Past and Uncertain Future, Cambridge, 1978.

30 We understand that Professor Steephane Curveiller of the Université d’Artois in Arras has such an investigation in progress [Curveiller (ed.), op. cit., 62].

31 Peuplinges/Pepling: Dillon, op. cit., 359 (1556 survey E315/371, fo. 237); Coquelles/Calkwell: 335 (E315/372, fo. 416); Bonningues: 333 (fo. 278); Fréthun/Froyton: 339 (fo. 404); Pihen/Pitham: 360 (fo. 291); St-Tricat: 361 (fo. 382); Nielles/Nele: 352 (fo. 398).

32 Guînes: Dillon, op. cit., 341 (1556 survey E315/372, fo. 326); Campagne-lès-Guînes/Camp: 337 (fo. 363); Andres/Andren: 332 (fo. 347); Balinghem/Ballangen: 333 (fo. 373).

33 Escalles/Scales: Dillon, op. cit., 365 (1556 survey E315/371, fo. 257); Hervelingen: 344 (fo. 268); St-Inglevert/Sandingfield: 364 seems to have been neutral territory.

34 Marck: Dillon, op. cit., 346 (1556 survey E315/372, fo. 468); Oye: 356 (fo. 450).

35 Grummitt, op. cit., 30. For the English castles built or repaired in the 14th-15th centuries, see HM Colvin et al., History of the King’s Works 1, The Middle Ages, London, 1963, 450–56.

36 Guemps: Dillon, op. cit., 340 (1556 survey E315/372, fo. 506); Offekerque/Offkerk, 354 (fo. 513); Nouvelle-Église/Newkerk, 353 (fo. 518); and Vieille Église/Oldkerk, 354 (fo. 522).

37 HE Hallam, Settlement and Society: A Study of the Early Agrarian History of South Lincolnshire, Cambridge, 1965, especially chapter 1, ‘The New Lands of Elloe’, and map 6. Stephen Rippon, ‘Romney Marsh: evolution of the historic landscape and its wider setting’, in A Long, S Hipkin and H Clarke (eds), Romney Marsh: Coastal and Landscape Change Through the Ages, Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 56, Oxford, 2002, 84–100.

38 Curveiller, op, cit., 563–64.

39 David Nicholas, Medieval Flanders, London & New York, 1992, 97–101, and map 2. Although the national boundary with France lay further to the east, for the magnificent large-scale mapping of Belgium and its coastline by JJ Ferraris, 1777, see Wouter Bracke (ed.), De grote Atlas van Ferraris: de eerste atlas van België / Le grand atlas de Ferraris: le premier atlas de la Belgique, Bibliothèque royale de Belgique, 2009, and the online version: http://www.kbr.be/ collections/cart_plan/ferraris/ferraris_nl.html [accessed April 2015].

40 JE Abrahamse, M Kosian and E Schmitz, Atlas Amstelland – Biografie van een landschap, Bussum, 2012.

41 OED says: ‘Etymology: Origin uncertain; perhaps ultimately imitative. Compare Middle Dutch plas pool (1285; also as plasch; Dutch plas, †plasch) pool, puddle. The Middle Dutch word was borrowed into Middle French: compare Middle French plache pool (1364), (Flanders) plascq damp meadow (1443); perhaps compare also Anglo-Norman plasseis (plural) marshes (late 13th cent.).’

42 JM Lambert et al., The Making of the Broads. A Reconsideration of their Origin in the Light of New Evidence (Royal Geographical Society Research Series, III, 1960), 82ff., ‘Turf in medieval Broadland’.

43 AJ Greimas, Dictionnaire de L’Ancien Frangais jusqu’au milieu du XIVe siecle, Larousse, 1980 edn, s.n. ‘estache’.

44 The ‘Main Broke’ of 4,900 acres: Dillon, op. cit., 349 (1556 survey E315/372, fo. 468 et seq.); the map is BL, Cotton MS, Augustus I.ii.71.

45 http://www.lesattaques.fr/histoire_patrimoine.aspx [accessed April 2015].

46 Coulogne/Colham/Colne: Dillon, op. cit., 338 (1556 survey E315/371, fo. 131).

47 Colvin, ‘The King’s Works in France’, cit., 345, 349; for Wingfield (distinct from Sir Richard), see biographical entry by TM Hofmann in ST Bindoff (ed.), The History ofParliament: The House of Commons 1509–1558, London, 1982: http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509–1558/member/wingfield-sir-robert-1470–1539 [accessed April 2015].

48 Letters and Papers Henry VIII, IV/iii, 2654 (5947), 20 September 1529; online at ‘Henry VIII: September 1529, 18–30’, in JS Brewer (ed.), Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, IV, 1524–30, London, 1875, pp. 2653–64, http://www.british- history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol4/pp2653–2664 [accessed April 2015].

49 OED, s.n. ‘brook’ for the meaning ‘marsh or fen’ and the cognate Dutch/Flemish/German words.

50 Grummitt, op. cit., 138; Colvin, ‘The King’s Works in France’, cit., 373; MS Byrne, The Lisle Letters, 1981, II, passim, and VIII, 46–47, 290–94. Sir Thomas Palmer reported to Cromwell that the reflooding had been accomplished by 6 December 1534 [Letters and Papers Henry VIII, VII, 565 (1511)].

51 Colvin, ‘The King’s Works in France’, cit., 373–75. Colvin supposed the central feature was intended as a church [ibid., 374 and note 7].

52 The map is BL, Cotton MS, Augustus I.ii.69, reproduced in Colvin, ‘The King’s Works in France’, cit., pl. 29 (list 13), and Harvey, op. cit., 36 (21).

53 Colvin, ‘The King’s Works in France’, cit., 374, n. 6 (quoting fo. 583 of Gruffydd’s manuscript in the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth (NLW) MS 3054D). For an online facsimile, see http://www.llgc.org.uk/index.php?id=2756, and for Gruffydd see online Dictionary of Welsh Biography: http://yba.llgc.org.uk/en/s-GRUF-ELI-1490.html, and Rose, op. cit., 125. A partial translation (but not including 1541) has been published in Bulletin of the Faculty of Arts, Fouad I University of Egypt, Cairo, VII, 1944, 33–43, ‘Suffolk’s Expedition to Mondidier, 1523’; ibid., XI.1, 1949, 37–95, ‘The ‘‘enterprises’’ of Paris and Boulogne 1544’; and ibid., XII.1, 1950, 1–90, ‘Boulogne and Calais from 1545 to 1550’ (the first two have been reprinted by the Pike and Shot Society, Farnham: Jonathan Davies (ed.), ‘An ill jurney for the Englishemen’, Farnham, 2006, and Elis Gruffydd and the 1544 ‘Enterprises’, Farnham, 2003). I am grateful to Bethan Jenkins for assistance in understanding relevant parts of the text.

54 Dillon, op. cit., 349 (1556 survey E315/372, fos 541–42).

55 Curveiller, op. cit., 569.

56 The French balloonist Jean-Pierre Blanchard (1753–1809) and the loyalist American and pioneer meteorologist Dr John Jeffries (1744–1819). The first balloon ascent by an English aeronaut was that of James Sadler in Oxford in October 1784, but evidently it was left for others to attempt the Channel crossing; on balloon mania in the 1780s; see Richard Holmes, The Age of Wonder. How the Romantic Generation Discovered the Beauty and Terror of Science, London, 2008, chap. 3.

57 A Bonte et al., ‘Notice Explicative’ on the 1:50,000 Carte Geologique (Guînes XXII–3), BRGM (Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres): http://ficheinfoterre.brgm.fr/Notices/0006N.pdf [accessed May 2015].

58 Carte géologique (scale 1:50,000), Sheet 2 Calais (1989) and Sheet 6 Guînes (1971), T2 (Flandrien superieur et moyen: tourbe ‘de surface’ et limons tourbeux).

59 Lambert et al., op. cit., 70–77; Darby, op, cit., 82–85; JR Ravensdale, Liable to Floods. Village landscape on the edge of the fens A.D. 450–1850, Cambridge, 1974, 52–53 for common rights; while widely used for peasant hearths there is limited evidence of the use of fenland peat in, e.g., medieval Cambridge [JS Lee, Cambridge and its Economic Region 1450–1560, Hatfield, 2005, 161], although David Loggan apparently shows boat loads of peat (or coal?) passing by St John’s and Magdalene College in 1690 [JW Clarke (ed.), Cantabrigia Illustrata by David Loggan, Cambridge, 1905, pls XXXVI and XXVIII].

60 L Shopkow, Lambert of Ardres, The History of the Counts of Guines and Lords of Ardres, Philadelphia, 2001, 189 (cap. 151); Luc D’Archery, Spicelegium sive Collectio Veterum aliquot Scriptorum ..., Paris, 1723, II, 816, 857–58.

61 Georges Espinas, Les Origines du Capitalisme IV: Le Droit économique et social d’une petite ville artésienne a la fin du moyen-age: Guines, Lille and Paris, 1949, 26 [56.22] and 32 [77].

62 Copied into 1556 survey, PRO E315/374, fo. 425.

63 M Franchomme, Du cadastre napoléonien à la trame verte, le devenir des petites zones humides périurbaines en région Nord-Pas de Calais, 2 tomes (mémoire de synthése et atlas cartographique et historique), 2008, 432 [Magalie Franchomme. From the napoleonic cadastre to the ecological network ‘trame verte’: the destiny of small suburban wetlands in the Nord-Pas de Calais region (France). Geography. Universitee des Sciences et Technologie de Lille, Lille I, 2008 ]. Text and plates available at: http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00356877/fr/[accessed May 2015].

64 BL, Cotton MS, Augustus I.ii.69, 57 and 71.

65 Thus Cotton map 69 (1541); the 1550 map (71) names them Gyenes plays, the melke plays and Wetele plays (note that Richard Whetehill, from a long-established English family in Calais, was lieutenant of Guines (1461–78) [Grummitt, op. cit., 99], and had a tower in the castle named after him).

66 TNA, E315/372, fo. 362 (Andres) and fo. 381 (Balinghem).

67 For the cadastre, note 24 above, and see Franchomme, op. cit., II, Atlas Cartographique, pls 1 and 4–7.

68 John Bradley, ‘The purpose of the Pale’, in Michael Potterton and Thomas Herron (eds), Dublin and the Pale in the Renaissance, c.1540–1660, Dublin, 2011, 51–67.

69 The Dublin Pale has excited relatively little curiosity from Irish archaeologists, although a motorway was driven through it at Carrickmines; see Tadhg Okeefe, ‘Medieval frontiers and fortification: the Pale and its evolution’, in Kevin Whelan and FHA Aalen (eds), Dublin City and County: From Prehistory to Present. Studies in Honour of JH Andrews, Dublin, 1992, 79–120, and a note of O’Keefe’s survey in Medieval Archaeology, XXX, 1986, 183–84. For the Carrickmines area, see R Goodbody, ‘Pale ditch in south County Dublin’, Archaeology Ireland, VII/3, 1993, 24–25.

70 TNA, E315/372, fo. 363 (Campe) and fo. 373 (Balinghem).

71 The castles once in English hands, but lost or destroyed, included Ardres and Audruicq (retaken by French, 1377); Coulogne and Fréthun (defended in 1350s and later abandoned); Poil (lost 1388); Marck, Oye, Sangatte and Balinghem (destroyed 1436) [Colvin, History of King’s Works, I, cit., 450–56].

72 See map in Colvin, ‘The King’s works in France’, cit., 360 (fig. 14), 372–75.

73 TNA, E315/371, fo. 8.

74 JR Kenyon, ‘A note on two original drawings by William Stukeley depicting ‘‘the three castles which keep the Downs’’’, Antiquaries Journal, LVIII, 1978, 162–64, pl. LI, from the Society of Antiquaries of London, Library, MR42e, William Stukeley, Collection of Prints and Original Drawings (‘Roman Prints’, III, 31).

75 JR Kenyon, ‘Ordnance and the King’s fortifications in 1547–48: Society of Antiquaries MS. 129, folios 250–374’, Archaeologia, 2nd ser., CVII, 1982, 165–213, esp. 192–93: Bullinghm Bulworke, Bootes bulwork, and Harway bulwork.

76 Colvin, History of King’s Works, I, cit., 423–50 (and figs); Colvin, ‘The King’s Works in France’, cit., 337–63 (and figs).

77 Dillon, op. cit., 299 (Newenham), 300 (Guînes), 301 (Hames), and 302 (Calais).

78 For the works of Henri II at Calais, see Michael Wolfe, Walled Towns and the Shaping of Modern France from the Medieval to the Early Modern Era, New York, 2009, 87–88.

79 The greater part of the collection is now at L’Hôtel des Invalides, Paris, those for 16 northern cities having been transferred to the Palais des Beaux-Arts, Lille in the 1980s. For the models see Wolfe, op. cit., 153; David Buisseret, ‘Modeling cities in early modern Europe’, in Buisseret (ed.), Envisioning the City: Six Studies in Urban Cartography, Chicago, 1998, 125–143; exhibition, Lille, Musée des Beaux-Arts, ‘Plans en relief: Villes fortes des anciens Pays-Bas francais au XVIIIe s.’, atrium, Musee des beaux-arts de Lille, 28 janvier 1989-octobre 1989; and see website: http://www.fortified- places.com/reliefs/beauxarts.html [accessed 28 August 2014].

80 Colvin, History of King’s Works, I, cit., 454; Colvin, The King’s works in France’, cit., 370–72 (and fig.).

81 For these, see Paul Williams, Hitler’s Atlantic Wall: Pas de Calais, Barnsley, 2013, and JE Kaufmann et al., The Atlantic Wall: History and Guide, Barnsley, 2012 edn.

82 Colvin, ‘The King’s works in France’, cit., 383–93 for Boulogne.

83 LR Shelby, John Rogers, Tudor Military Engineer, Oxford, 1967, chap. IV, ‘The enterprise of Boulogne’, 53–85, pls 14–22; John Tomkinson, ‘The Henrician bastions of Ambleteuse’, Fort, XXIX, 2001, 21–38.

84 ‘Fort Vauban dit Fort Mahon’, monument classé no. PA00107955.

85 Shelby, op. cit., 83; Colvin, ‘The King’s works in France’, cit., 389; the site is a ‘monument inscrit’ no. PA00108183 (7 October 1988) ‘Vestiges du fort du Gris-Nez’ (http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/inventai/patrimoine/[accessed August 2014]).

86 The site is briefly described and illustrated: http://www.fortified-places.com/grisnez/[accessed August 2014].

87 J Heller (ed.), Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, XXIV, 1879, Lamberti Ardensis, Historia comitum Ghisnensium, cap. XII; trans. Shopkow, Lambert ofArdres, cit., 160 (cap. 127).

88 Michel Cabal, Ardres au XVIe Siécle (Association Culturelle et Historique d’Ardres), 1998, 13 (plan of 1571 after Gomberts). There is a view of the Spanish siege in 1596 by Hubert, BNF, Département des Estampes et de la Photographie, RESERVE FOL-QB-201 (11) [ark:/12148/btv1b8401094f]. The town’s defences were drawn in 1611 by Joachim Duviert (1580?-1648) in a series of views of French towns, in BNF, Département des Estampes, Collection Lallemant de Betz, tome XXIII, 186–87 (Flandrin, Inventaire no. 2989), illustrated in Wolfe, op. cit., 124, fig. 7.1. For a speculative plan of c.1674, see ‘Plan de la Ville d’Ardres et dehors faicts depuis 1674’ (ink drawing) of 1674 in BNF, Département des Estampes, EST VA-62 (1) [ark:/12148/btv1b6902242h]; also online on Gallica: http://gallica.bnf.fr [accessed May 2015].

89 Monument classé no. PA00135491 (28 Oct. 2003) ‘Bastion Condette aussi dénommé bastion Royal’. For the frontiers campaign of Francois, see Wolfe, op. cit., 82.

90 BNF, Département des Estampes, Collection Lallemant de Betz, tome XXIII, 186–87 (Flandrin, Inventaire no. 2988), illustrated in Wolfe, op. cit., 124, fig. 7.1. For the archaeology of the motte, see Jean-Claude Routier and Bernard Segers, ‘Guînes, La motte de La Cuve, Sondage 1993’ (unpublished rapport au Service Régional de l’Archeeologie, Lille, 1993), and Jean-Claude Routier and Guillaume Mangeon, ‘Guînes, Motte de la Tour de l’Horloge, Rapport de diagnostic archéologique (décembre 1998)’, site 62 397 005 AH (unpublished report of Service Régional de l’Archéologie, AFAN Nord-Picardie, 1999).

91 BL, MS Cotton, Augustus I. Supplement, no. 14, discussed by Shelby, op. cit., 15–16; this is Shelby’s ‘Plat A’, and ‘Plat B’,MS Cotton, Augustus I.ii.51, includes proposals for new bastions orbulwarks. See list in Colvin, ‘The King’s Works in France’, cit., 401–02, appendix D, for a list of all the plans (and see table below).

92 Boulogne-sur-Mer, Bibliothèque Municipal, ‘Plan du Bourg de Guisnes levé en 1772’, reproduced in Curveilleur (ed.), op. cit., pl. XII.

93 Alain Henton, ‘Guînes (62), ‘‘Les Remparts’’, Rapport de diagnostic archéologique, 23–25/01/2006’ (unpublished report of INRAP Nord-Picardie, Code INRAP: GA 15042101, 2006), the two trenches, north-east of Rue du Maréchal Leclerc and behind the farm ‘Les Remparts’ are shown here on Fig. 26.

94 The town is oriented north-east/south-west, here treated as north/south. Confusingly, the Portuguese map is often reproduced in a bastardized form, conjoined with another map.

95 TNA, E315/372, fos 334–38.

96 Discussed by Shelby and listed by Colvin, as note 89; LonR Shelby, ‘Guînes Castle and the development of English bastioned fortifications’, Château Gaillard: European Castle Studies III, Chichester, 1969, 139–43, pls XIV-XX; several of the plans are also reproduced in the valuable paper by John Tomkinson, ‘The Henrician bastions at Guînes Castle’, Fort, XXVI, 1998, 121–41 (see also his note on Guines in Fort, XXIX, 2001, cited above, note 82).

97 Reproduced first in Sir Philip Egerton, ‘A commentary of the services and charges of William Lord Grey of Wilton, K.G. by his son Arthur Lord Grey of Wilton, K.G.’, Camden Society, old ser., XL,1847, xxv; the Portuguese whose frank report so annoyed the King [Colvin, ‘The King’s Works in France’, cit., 367] has been tentatively identified by Tomkinson, op. cit., 140, note 44, as Diogo Telles, citing R Moriera (ed.), Historia das Fortificacoes Portuguesas no Mundo, Lisbon, 1989, 147.

98 Guînes castle plan reproduced by Dillon, op. cit., 300, and Colvin, ‘The King’s Works in France’, cit. , 364.

99 Christine Cercy, ‘Guînes (62), ‘Lycee Jean-Bosco — place du Maréchal Foch’, Rapport de diagnostic archéologique’, 7–9/09/2005 (unpublished report of INRAP Nord-Picardie, Code INRAP: GA 15039201, 2005), fig. 3 (the trenches were on the west side of the main square, behind the street frontage).

100 BL, Cotton MS, Caligula D.vii, fol. 186, Commissioners to Wolsey, 26 March 1520; Nichols, Chronicle of Calais (1846), 79–80 – as Letters and Papers Henry VIII, Vol. III, 234 (700); R Brown, Calendar of State Papers Venetian III, 1520–1526, London, 1869, 37–47 (60), 5 June report of Gioan Joachino, Secretary of the Governor of Genoa, – http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/venice/vol3/pp37-47 [accessed May 2015].

101 Russell, op cit., 31–46; Richardson, op. cit., 2013, 52–66; Simon Thurley, ‘English Royal Palaces 1450–1550’ (unpubl. Univ. London PhD thesis, 1989), 116–21, summarized in ‘The Domestic Building Works of Cardinal Wolsey’, in SJ Gunn and PG Lindley, Cardinal Wolsey. Church, State and Art, Cambridge, 1991, 94–6, and fig. 8.

102 The account of the Field of Cloth of Gold is given by Edward Hall, The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancastre and Yorke, 1548, etc.; Henry Ellis (ed.), Hall’s Chronicle, London, 1809, 605–20; reprinted Charles Wibley, Henry VIII by Edward Hall, (Lives of the Kings), London, 1904), I, 181–218; the front of Christ Church (with the later north range rather than Wolsey’s Chapel), as measured by David Loggan in 1675, was 382 feet.

103 Blue colour [OED].

104 With ornamented edges [OED].

105 The standard contemporary term for renaissance ornament all’antica.

106 Interlaced [OED].

107 Reason, raysing piece [OED], i.e., wall-plate [LF Salzman, Building in England down to 1540, Oxford, 1952, 1967, 203.

108 This instance foxes the OED (went, way or passage), perhaps ‘going’; the meaning of broad steps is clear.

109 Thurley, op. cit, fig. 8.

110 Thus the Genoese Joachino, as note 99 above; Russell, op. cit., 41, points to the exaggeration of some of Joachino’s estimates of distance.

111 Sydney Anglo, in a carefully argued comparison of the make-up of the procession with contemporary sources, makes the perverse suggestion that the painting actually shows Henry setting off to the Field [Anglo, op. cit., 296–300].

112 I am grateful to Jacques Louf showing me in Guînes the evidence for this, a 19th-cent. manuscript in the Guînes Museum, ‘Notes pour servir a l’histoire de Guînes’, which describes (atpp. 182–4) the discovery of the Huguenot cemetery in the Boulevard Blanchard as part of a discussion of the location of the palace in relation to the processional route, as shown on the Hampton Court Painting, compared with the engraved view of the 1558 siege [after Nicolay].

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Julian Munby

Julian Munby FSA is Head of Buildings Archaeology at Oxford Archaeology, and has a long-standing interest in the study of castle and town landscapes in England, France and Ireland, with studies of Portchester, Mayenne and Kilkenny, and in Conservation Plans for Dover, Orford, Framlingham, Leeds, Kendal and Tattershall Castles.