Abstract
Background. Part of the success of ultrasound-guided embryo transfer has been associated with the beneficial effect of uterine straightening by passive bladder distention. Even so, this has not been properly analysed in the literature. Methods. This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective, randomised, controlled trials, comparing embryo transfer with a full versus empty bladder. Electronic (e.g. PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library) and hand searches were performed to locate trials. Primary outcomes were live-birth, ongoing and clinical pregnancy rates. Secondary outcomes were rates of implantation, miscarriage, multiple and ectopic pregnancies, and retained embryos. Also, the ease of transfer, need for instrumental assistance, and presence of blood on the catheter tip were evaluated. Four studies were identified, of which 1 study was excluded. Meta-analysis was conducted with the Mantel–Haenszel method, utilising the fixed-effect model. Results. For the primary outcome measures, no data was available for the LBR rate. There was a significantly higher chance of an ongoing pregnancy [OR = 1.44 (95% CI = 1.04–2.04)] and clinical pregnancy [OR = 1.55 (95% CI = 1.16–2.08)] with a full bladder. For the secondary outcomes, there was a significantly greater incidence of difficulty, or need for instrumental assistance, with an empty bladder. Other outcome measures were not significantly different. Conclusion. There is evidence in the literature advising to fill the bladder prior to embryo transfer.