Exploring the pharmacokinetics of second-generation cephalosporin, cefaclor: a systematic review in healthy and diseased populations

Abstract

1. Cefaclor is a bactericidal antibiotic recommended for treating diverse types of infections. This review aims to comprehensively assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) data on cefaclor in humans.

2. Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EBSCO databases were systematically performed to identify all the relevant studies containing at least one reported PK parameter of cefaclor.

3. Cefaclor shows the linear PK profile as the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to t (AUC_0-t) and maximum plasma concentration (C_max) increase in a dose-dependent manner. The AUC_0-t of cefaclor in the rice diet was found to be higher than that of bread food, i.e. 19.9 ± 2.6 ug/ml.hr vs 15.4 ± 4 ug/ml.hr. The AUC in paediatrics during the fed state was significantly higher compared to that in adults. Patients with renal impairments showed a C_max 2.2 times higher than that of normal subjects. A significant increase in C_max was depicted among individuals following a vegetarian diet in comparison with the non-vegetarian diet. Moreover, cefaclor exhibits time-dependent killing above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC < 2 ug), favouring its use in treating infections caused by specific pathogens.

4. This systematic review summarises all the reported PK parameters of cefaclor in healthy and diseased subjects in the literature. This data can help practitioners in adjusting cefaclor doses among different diseases and populations to avoid drug interactions and adverse effects.

Keywords:

• Antibiotic
• cefaclor
• pharmacokinetics
• renal disease
• systematic review

Authors’ contributions

Conceptualisation: T.S, A.Z; methodology: T.S, A.Z, I.I, F.A; formal analysis and investigation: I.I, H.S, writing – original draft preparation: T.S, A.Z, H.S, M.F.R; writing – review and editing: I.I, H.S, supervision: M.F.R. All authors have made substantial contributions to the design, extraction, analysis, and interpretation of data and have actively participated in drafting and revising the article. All authors agreed to submit the final version to the journal and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.

Availability of data and material

All the data used for this publication is either presented in the main article or is available as supplementary information.

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.