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Introduction

The generic Middle Stone Age: fact or fiction?

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Pages 4-21 | Received 15 Jan 2024, Accepted 16 Jan 2024, Published online: 20 Mar 2024
 

ABSTRACT

Recent decades have seen a surge of interest in the Middle Stone Age (MSA) as it constitutes the archaeological background to the early evolution of Homo sapiens. Research primacy has been given to rare regional and temporal signatures of MSA technological diversity and material culture, typically in open grassland or sparse savanna regions. These include, for example, the Still Bay, Howiesons Poort, Lupemban and Aterian, all of which can be seen as specific variants of the MSA. Archaeological assemblages apparently lacking distinctive features have received little attention in their own right. Such occurrences can be subsumed under the informal term of a more ‘generic’ MSA. The marginalisation of this material culture is problematic as it dominates the MSA record. The apparent continuity and commonality of generic MSA elements over large spatial and temporal scales also raise manifold questions about the early evolution of our species. As such, a ‘generic’ MSA might be perceived as the common technological and material substrate of early Homo sapiens behaviour and culture. At the same time, we lack quantitative studies that justify subsuming close to 300,000 years of material culture into a single category. This special issue of Azania is based on a symposium at the Sixteenth Congress of the PanAfrican Archaeological Association of Prehistory and Related Studies in Zanzibar (Tanzania) that brought together researchers working in different African regions to scrutinise apparently ‘non-specific’ MSA lithic assemblages across time and space, evaluating their commonality and relevance on different chronological and geographical scales. The six articles in this issue span comparative quantitative studies within and across regions, methodological and theoretical advances to reach these goals and the integration of palaeoecological data. A common interest lies in understanding but also testing the validity of using a ‘generic’ MSA and the general relevance of more specific or generic technological assemblages in the wider framework of modern human cultural and biological evolution.

RÉSUMÉ

Les dernières décennies ont vu un regain d’intérêt pour l’âge de pierre moyen (Middle Stone Age ou MSA), car il constitue le contexte archéologique des débuts de l’évolution de l’Homo sapiens. La recherche s’est concentrée sur les rares exemples de diversité technologique et de culture matérielle du MSA circonscrits dans le temps et dans l’espace, qui se manifestent généralement dans des régions de prairies ouvertes ou de savanes clairsemées. Il s’agit, par exemple, du Still Bay, du Howiesons Poort, du Lupemban ou de l’Atérien, qui peuvent tous être considérés comme des variantes spécifiques du MSA. En revanche, les assemblages archéologiques apparemment dépourvus de caractéristiques distinctives ont reçu peu d’attention en soi. De tels assemblages peuvent être regroupés sous le terme informel de MSA plus ‘générique’. La marginalisation de cette culture matérielle est problématique, car elle domine le registre du MSA. La continuité et le caractère commun apparents des éléments génériques du MSA sur de grandes échelles spatiales et temporelles soulèvent également de nombreuses questions sur les débuts de l’évolution de notre espèce. En tant que tel, un MSA ‘générique’ pourrait être perçu comme le substrat technologique et matériel commun relatif aux comportements et à la culture des premiers temps de l’existence d’Homo sapiens. En même temps, nous manquons d’études quantitatives qui justifient le regroupement de près de 300,000 années de culture matérielle sous une seule catégorie. Ce numéro spécial d’Azania est basé sur un symposium organisé lors du seizième congrès de l’Association panafricaine d’archéologie, de préhistoire et disciplines associées à Zanzibar (Tanzanie) qui rassembla des chercheurs travaillant dans différentes régions d’Afrique dans le but d’examiner les assemblages lithiques du MSA apparemment ‘non spécifiques’ à travers le temps et l’espace, faisant l’évaluation de leurs points communs et de leur pertinence sur différentes échelles chronologiques et géographiques. Les six articles de ce numéro spécial présentent des études quantitatives comparatives au sein de, et entre, régions, des avancées méthodologiques et théoriques pour atteindre ces objectifs, et l’intégration de données paléoécologiques. Les points d’intérêt communs à ces contributions sont, d’une part, de cerner en quoi consiste cette notion de MSA ‘générique’ mais aussi de tester la validité de son utilisation; d’autre part, d’explorer la pertinence générale des assemblages technologiques plus spécifiques ou génériques dans le cadre plus large de l’évolution culturelle et biologique des êtres humains modernes.

Acknowledgments

We want to thank all the contributors to the symposium at the 16th Congress of the PanAfrican Archaeological Association of Prehistory and Related Studies in Zanzibar/Unguja (Tanzania) and to this special issue for a stimulating, critical and constructive exchange of ideas and data on the issue of the generic MSA. A big thank you goes out to the editors of Azania, with Elisabeth Hildebrand reaching out to us to find a perfect home for this special issue and Peter Mitchell for his constant support, unwavering perseverance and diligent editorial work. We are also indebted to all the reviewers whose time and effort are much appreciated. Finally, MW acknowledges funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant WI 4978/3-1) during the conception and writing of this work.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Manuel Will

Manuel Will is a lecturer in Palaeolithic Archaeology at the University of Tübingen. His work focuses on lithic technology and behavioural adaptations in the MSA of southern Africa and he has been involved in field and laboratory work in eSwatini, France, Germany, Kenya and South Africa. His primary research interest lies in understanding the origins and early biocultural evolution of Homo sapiens in Africa and its subsequent dispersals to Eurasia.

Eleanor Scerri

Eleanor Scerri is an Associate Professor at the Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology and the University of Cologne in Germany. She has worked across northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, as well as more recently leading research across West Africa to understand the emergence and earliest dispersals of our species.

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