Summary
Field survey can provide a longitudinal sample of ceramic production from the porcelain factories which operated in the city of Worcester from 1751 to 2009. Until the twentieth century domestic and industrial waste from the city was used as manure/hard core on fields throughout the county. We have found kiln waste and biscuit wasters from the earliest phases of production to wares made in the late 19th/twentieth century, along with contemporaneous domestic discard. This assemblage provides a series of snapshots of porcelain and semi-porcelain production allowing us to identify trends in types of fabrics, forms, manufacturing and consumption.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge the following people and organizations for their support in this project. Funding and site access came through the University Worcester, School of Science and the Environment, Department of Archaeology and Geography. Field data was collected by the students of the Introduction to Archaeology, finds analysis was conducted with the support of Samantha Elwell, Jordan Morris, as well as students of the Science and Archaeology module. Thanks to Rob Hedges of Worcestershire Archives and Archaeology Service, Malcolm Nixon, Harry Frost and Sophie Heath, director of the Museum of Royal Worcester, for additional support.
SUMMARY IN FRENCH, GERMAN, ITALIAN AND SPANISH
FRENCH
REBUTS DE PORCELAINE ET PRODUCTION DE PORCELAINE À WORCESTER : LE TÉMOIGNAGE PAYSAGER DE LA PROSPECTION PÉDESTRE
RÉSUMÉ : La prospection au sol a fourni un échantillon longitudinal de la production de céramique des manufactures de porcelaine qui ont fonctionné dans la ville de Worcester de 1751 à 2009. Jusqu’au XX e siècle, les déchets domestiques et industriels de la ville étaient utilisés comme fumier ou comme remblais dans les champs du comté. Des rebuts de cuisson et des déchets de biscuits datant des premières phases de la production jusqu’aux produits fabriqués à la fin du XIX e -XX e siècle ont été découverts, ainsi que des déchets domestiques contemporains. Cet assemblage livre une série d’instantanés de la production de porcelaine et de semi-porcelaine qui permettent d’identifier les tendances en matière de pâtes, de formes, de fabrication et de consommation.
GERMAN
PORZELLANABFÄLLE UND PORZELLANPRODUKTION IN WORCESTER: DER LANDSCHAFTSBEWEIS DURCH FELDBEGEHUNG
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Die Feldstudie liefert uns ein Muster im Längsschnitt der Zeitachse, welches Aufschluss gibt über die Keramikproduktion durch Porzellanfabriken, die in der Stadt Worcester von 1751 bis 2009 betrieben wurde. Bis zum 20. Jahrhundert wurden Haushalts- und Industrieabfälle genutzt als Dünger und Schotterunterfütterung auf den Feldern und umliegenden Ländereien. Wir haben Abfälle aus Brennöfen und Biskuitabfälle aus den frühen Phasen der Produktion bis hin zu Waren aus dem späten 19./20. Jahrhundert gefunden, zusammen mit zeitgenössischem Hausmüll. Diese Sammlung bietet eine Reihe von Momentaufnahmen der Porzellan- und Halbporzellanproduktion, die uns ermöglichen, Entwicklungen bezüglich Material, Form, Herstellung und Konsumverhalten zu identifizieren.
ITALIAN
SCARTI DI PRODUZIONE E MANIFATTURA DI PORCELLANA A WORCESTER: TESTIMONIANZE NEL PAESAGGIO DALLA RICOGNIZIONE ARCHEOLOGICA
RIASSUNTO: La ricerca di superficie può fornire una testimonianza diacronica della produzione di porcellana nelle fabbriche attive nella cittadina di Worcester dal 1751 al 2009. Fino al XX secolo, gli scarti domestici e quelli di produzione provenienti dalla città furono impiegati come concime/riempimento nei campi di tutta la regione. Sono stati trovati scarti di fornace di prodotti finiti e di biscotti riconducibili alle prime fasi di produzione, così come prodotti realizzati nel tardo XIX e nel XX secolo, unitamente a scarti domestici coevi. Questo nucleo fornisce una serie di spaccati sulla produzione di porcellana e semi-porcellana, permettendoci di identificare le tendenze relativamente ai tipi di impasto, alle forme, al processo produttivo e all’impiego degli oggetti finiti.
SPANISH
PRODUCCIÓN Y DESECHOS DE PORCELANA EN WORCESTER: DATOS DE PROSPECCIÓN EN EL PAISAJE
RESUMEN: La prospección arqueológica puede producir una muestra longitudinal de la producción de cerámica de las fábricas de porcelana que operaron en la ciudad de Worcester desde 1751 hasta 2009, ya que los desechos domésticos e industriales de la ciudad se utilizaron hasta el siglo XX como estiércol en los campos de la zona. Durante las prospecciones hemos encontrado restos de hornos y desechos de las primeras fases de producción hasta finales del siglo XIX y XX, junto con desechos domésticos contemporáneos. El conjunto nos ofrece datos sobre la producción de porcelana y semiporcelana que nos permiten identificar tendencias en los tipos de pastas, formas, fabricación y consumo de la época.
Notes
9 e.g. Ramsay, et al 2013 for Limehouse; Jay Citation2018 for Worcester.
16 King Citation2004 summarizes the resistance to ploughzone survey by historical archaeologists in the 1970s and 80s, after prehistoric archaeologists had embraced the technique.
20 E.g. The Birth of Industrial Glasgow, Nevell 2016; The Limehouse Porcelain Manufactory, Tyler & Stephenson 2000.
28 Environment Agency 2011.
41 Cushion & Cushion 1992, 201, 247.
45 Deborah Fox and James Dinn, Worcestershire Museums, pers. comm.
48 e.g., Vince & Stean 2007, 2008.
49 Vince & Steane, in Milbank & Mundin 2004, 12.
50 Milbank & Mundin 2004, 8.
57 Pearce Citation2008 has reported on several cases of misidentifications in London assemblages.
59 Hurlbutt 1925, 63-64; Owen Citation2003, 85; Cushion & Cushion 1992, 85.
60 e.g. Savage and Newman 1974: 311.
64 e.g. Cushion & Cushion 1992.
86 Miller (Citation1991) argues that the divisions between cream ware, pearlware and whitewares are not very reliable as time or technological indicators, and that the whole category should be grouped together as ‘CC’ or Cream Coloured Wares. Current ceramic reports, however, do ue this distinction, including the JeffPat guidance. Consequently, we will use the system as we set out, referring to Cream, Pearl and Whitewares. See also Magid Citation2010, C-20.
87 Cushion & Cushion 1992, 246.
88 Collections of the Museum of Royal Worcester, Severn Street, Worcester.
89 Cushion & Cushion 1992, 247.
96 Cushion & Cushion 1992.
110 Environment Agency 2011.
114 Harry Frost pers. comm.
119 e.g. Sanchez 2019, Wessex 2014.
121 Tyler & Stephenson 2000.
123 c.f. Wooler Citation2015 for the excavation of a back-to-back in Sheffield, Whitehead & Conlin Casella Citation2012 for a working-class house.
124 Crewe et al. Citation2013, for a Manor House in Sheffield, Malim Citation2001 for the Fulbourne Manor House, Cambridgeshire.
127 c.f. White, Paynter, & Brown 2022, e.g., Coleman-Smith & Pearson Citation1988 the Donyatt potteries, Robinson Citation2005 the Caughley Saggar Works, Nevell 2016, 76-104 the Caledonia Pottery, Glasgow.
129 e.g. Burslem & Hanley; Kelly 1969 in Barker Citation2003, 2.
133 Cochran & Beaudry Citation2006; c.f. the Alderley Sandhills Project, Conlin Casella 2005, 11; the Archaeology of Machinic Consumerism, Roller 2018.
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