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Research Articles

The administration of methyl and butyl parabens interferes with the enzymatic antioxidant system and induces genotoxicity in rat testis: possible relation to male infertility

, , , & ORCID Icon
Pages 322-329 | Received 25 Jul 2022, Accepted 28 Jan 2023, Published online: 08 Feb 2023
 

Abstract

Parabens are esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, used for decades as a preservative in many products, including agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, foods and cosmetics. Concerns regarding parabens toxicity include adverse effects on endocrine activity, carcinogenesis, infertility, spermatogenesis, and adipogenesis. The present study aimed to investigate the in vivo administration of methyl and butylparaben at concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight, by subcutaneous injection, in variable murinometric measurements, antioxidant systems and genotoxicity. The administration of parabens did not affect the consumption of water and food. However, there was a decrease in the weight of the testes and the seminal vesicle (p < 0.05). The administration of parabens caused an increase in superoxide dismutase for methylparaben (200 mg/kg) and both concentrations of butylparaben (p < 0.05). Catalase showed increased activity in all groups treated with parabens. In contrast, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase suffered a decrease in the groups treated with both parabens. These results show that parabens, especially butyl, can affect the rat testis enzymatic antioxidant system, decreasing the cellular antioxidant capacity, which was confirmed by the decrease in the glutathione reducing power, expressed by the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio. Therefore, an increase in lipid peroxidation was observed, which was significant in the case of butyl. Genetic Damage Indicator values show that butylparaben treatments displayed significantly higher values than the control. This study shows for the first time that parabens can induce genotoxicity in the rat male reproductive organ.

Acknowledgements

We also want to thank Dr Malcolm Purves for kindly reviewing the English.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The authors thank FCT (Portugal’s Foundation for Science and Technology) for financial support through the CQ-VR Research Unit [UIDB/00616/2020, UIDP/00616/2020].