Intraoperative mapping of sacral nervous system (S2 – 4)

Abstract

Electrophysiological mapping of the sacral nervous system was used during operations on 80 patients with conus and cauda equina lesions. At surgery, under controlled muscle relaxation, the sacral neural elements (S2 – 4) were mapped using direct mono-polar stimulation and recording of compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) from the external anal sphincter (EAS). Responses were obtained in 86.25% (69/80) of the patients. In 33 (82.5%) out of 40 patients with preoperative deficits involving the S2 – 4 segments, CMAPs could be elicited. Identification of nerve roots was useful in dissection of lipomyelomeningocoeles, tumour excisions and untethering of filum terminale. In three patients, stimulation of the filum terminale elicited motor responses and, hence, it was not sectioned. Intraoperative mapping of the S2 – 4 nerve roots under controlled muscle relaxation is feasible in a majority of patients, including those with deficits involving S2 – 4. This method was useful in sparing viable nerve roots during surgery in conus and cauda equina regions, and identification of ‘functional’ filum terminale.

Key words:

• Compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs)
• external anal sphincter (EAS)
• filum terminale
• intraoperative monitoring (IOM)
• mapping and sacral nervous system