Pituitary apoplexy: how to define safe boundaries of conservative management? Early and long-term outcomes from a single UK tertiary neurosurgical unit

Abstract

Objectives

(1) Describe presentation, management and outcomes of a single-centre series of patients with pituitary apoplexy. (2) Compare early and long-term outcomes of conservative and surgical management. (3) Identify predictive factors for visual recovery.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of patients acutely managed by Sheffield’s Neurosurgery over a 9-years period. Outcome comparison was made between 2 groups (‘conservative’ versus ‘emergency’) at early FU and 3 groups (‘conservative’ versus ‘elective’ versus ‘emergency’) at long-term FU.

Results

Data from 30 patients (M:F = 2.8:1; mean age: 54 years; median FU: 31.5 months) were collected. 86,7% patients presented with visual disturbances (70% acuity, 50% field, 50% diploplia). 10 (33%) patients underwent emergency surgery and further 8 underwent delayed elective surgery.

At early FU, resolution rates of VA (33% versus 38%), VF (40% versus 50%) and CN deficits (71% versus 40%) were not significantly different between groups.

At long-term FU, resolution of VA (80% versus 20% versus 75%) and CN deficits (67% versus 50% versus 80%) was not significantly different between groups. Most patients who underwent surgery presented with severe VA deficit (20% versus 40% versus 63%) but severity of initial deficit wasn’t correlated with long-term resolution.

VF recovery rates showed significant difference between groups (p = 0.027): 67% versus 0% versus 88%.

Endocrine outcomes were generally poor, regardless of the management strategy.

Regarding possible predictive factors, age and tumour size correlated with visual outcomes. Especially in patients treated conservatively in the acute phase, no cases of complete resolution of VA or VF deficit were recorded when tumour was higher than 35 mm.

Conclusions

Good results are possible with conservative management in selected cases. Emergency surgery provides better visual outcomes. Decision-making process should be tailored to every single patient. We believe that a tumour vertical diameter >35 mm should tip the balance in favour of surgical management in presence of visual deficit.

Keywords:

• Pituitary apoplexy
• endoscopic trans-sphenoidal surgery
• visual outcomes
• predictive factors

Disclosure statement

The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials or methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.