Reflections on the (Post-)Human Condition: Towards New Forms of Engagement with the World?

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the validity of the contention that, over the past decades, we have been witnessing the rise of the ‘posthuman condition’. To this end, the analysis draws on the work of the contemporary philosopher Rosi Braidotti. The paper is divided into four parts. The first part centres on the concept of posthumanism, suggesting that it reflects a systematic attempt to challenge humanist assumptions underlying the construction of ‘the human’. The second part focuses on the concept of post-anthropocentrism, demonstrating that it articulates a desire to reject the twin ideas of ‘species supremacism’ and ‘human exceptionalism’, which it seeks to replace with ‘species egalitarianism’ and ‘monistic vitalism’. The third part is concerned with the concept of critical posthumanities, positing that its advocacy is based on the cross-fertilization of posthumanism and post-anthropocentrism. The fourth part offers an assessment of the ‘posthuman condition’ thesis, evaluating the extent to which it sheds new light on the ways in which our engagements with the world are shaped by the confluence of zoe-, geo-, and techno-based dimensions. The paper concludes with a brief summary of the key insights gained from the preceding inquiry.

KEYWORDS:

• Critical posthumanities
• post-anthropocentrism
• posthuman condition
• posthumanism

Acknowledgments

I am immensely grateful to two anonymous reviewers for providing me with detailed, thoughtful, and critical comments on a draft version of this article. Furthermore, I would like to thank Frank Adloff, Solveig Lena Hansen, Iris Bernadette Hilbrich, and Silke Schicktanz for encouraging me to incorporate most of the changes requested by the reviewers.

Disclosure statement

The author declares that he has no relevant or material financial interests that relate to the research described in this paper.

Notes

1. Braidotti (2019a, 1).

2. Ibid., 6.

3. Ibid., 6.

4. Ibid., 6.

5. Ibid., 6 (italics in original).

6. Ibid., 6 (italics in original).

7. Ibid., 7 (italics added).

8. On this point, see, for instance: Descola (2009); Descola (2013 [2005]).

9. Braidotti (2019a, 7).

10. Viveiros de Castro (2014 [2009], 44). Cf. Braidotti (2019a, 7).

11. Braidotti (2019a, 11).

12. Ibid., 11 (punctuation modified).

13. Ibid., 11.

14. Cf. Susen (2014a, 23, esp. point 10).

15. Cf. Susen (2015a, 51).

16. See Foucault (2002 [1966/1970]).

17. See Deleuze (1983 [1962]) as well as Deleuze and Guattari (1988 [1980]).

18. See Dolphijn and van der Tuin (2012).

19. See Alaimo and Hekman (2008) as well as Coole and Frost (2010).

20. See Said (2004) and Gilroy (2000).

21. See Badmington (2000), Badmington (2004), Braidotti (2013a), Braidotti (2019b), Braidotti (2019a), Braidotti and Fuller (2019), Fukuyama (2002), Hayles (1999), Herbrechter (2013 [2009]), Mahon (2017), Nayar (2014), Peterson (2018), and Wolfe (2010).

22. Braidotti (2019a, 9).

23. Cf. Said (1993).

24. Braidotti (2019a, 10–11).

25. Ibid., 10.

26. On the concepts of ‘the posthuman’ and ‘posthumanism’, see, for example: Alaimo (2016); Badmington (2000); Badmington (2003); Badmington (2004); Banerji and Paranjape (2016); Braidotti (2013a); Braidotti (2015); Braidotti (2019a); Braidotti (2019b); Braidotti and Bignall (2019); Braidotti and Fuller (2019); Braidotti and Hlavajova (2018); Clarke (2008); Clarke and Rossini (2017); Ferrando (2013a); Ferrando (2013b); Fukuyama (2002); Halberstam and Livingston (1995); Hayles (1999); Herbrechter (2013 [2009]); Käll (2019); Kroker (2014); Mahon (2017); Nayar (2014); Papadopoulos (2010); Pepperell (2003 [1995]); Peterson (2018); Roden (2015); Thomsen (2013); Wamberg and Thomsen (2016); Watson and Huntington (2008); Wennemann (2013); Wolfe (2010).

27. Braidotti (2019a, 1).

28. Ibid., 1–2.

29. Ibid., 1 (italics added).

30. On ‘the posthuman condition’, see, for instance: Braidotti (2013a, 1–5, 8, 12, 30, 39, 41, 42, 46n8, 52–54, 74, 110, 111, 119, 124, 138–139, 143, 159, 172–173, and 187); Braidotti (2019a, esp. 1–4, 6–39 [Chapter 1], 58–59, 67, 72, 73, 75, 82, and 120); Braidotti (2019b, 36, 40, and 42); Braidotti and Fuller (2019, 3, 7, 9, and 23). See also, for example: Hauskeller (2014); Lippert-Rasmussen, Rosendahl Thomsen, and Wamberg (2012); Pepperell (2003[1995]).

31. See, for instance: Braidotti (2013a, esp. 1–2, 5–6, 11–12, 13–54 [Chapter 1], 188–190, and 194–197); Braidotti (2019a, 2, 8, 11, 41, 55–61, 62, 63, 67, 71, 81, 98, 105, 120, 147, and 161); Braidotti (2019b, 31, 36, and 53n1); Braidotti and Fuller (2019, 5, 15, and 24n1). See also previous note on the concepts of ‘the posthuman’ and ‘posthumanism’.

32. See, for instance: Braidotti (2013a, esp. 43, 55–104 [Chapter 2], 109, 121–122, 141, 145, 160, and 180); Braidotti (2019a, 2, 4, 8, 11, 41, 44, 46, 71, 77, 85, 96, 118, and 146); Braidotti (2019b, 31, 36, 39, 41, 46, 50, and 54n6); Braidotti and Fuller (2019, 15). See also, for example: Ferrando (2016); Hoppe (2020); Kopnina et al. (2018); Marchesini (2018); Yigitcanlar, Foth, and Kamruzzaman (2019).

33. Braidotti (2019a, 2).

34. Ibid., 2.

35. Ibid., 2.

36. Ibid., 2.

37. Ibid., 11.

38. See, for example: Heidegger (1949 [1946]); Nietzsche (1999 [1886]); Nietzsche (1992 [1887]); Stirner (1968 [1844]). See also, for instance: Braidotti (2013a, esp. 16–30, but also 6, 11, 32, 35–39, 46, 64, 75, 102, 106, 143, 145, 158); Deleuze (1983 [1962]); Ferrando (2013b); Habermas (1987 [1985]); Saar (2007); Sloterdijk (2009); Soper (1986); Tallis (1997); Yack (1986).

39. On the concept of ‘the Fourth Industrial Revolution’, see, for example: Braidotti (2019a, 2, 31–32, 37, 44, 60–61, 71, 84, 93, 131, 160, and 174). See also, for instance: Atanasoski and Vora (2019); Koh, Orzes, and Jia (2019); Schäfer (2018); Schwab (2015); Schwab (2017 [2016]); Xu, David, and Hi Kim (2018).

40. On the concept of ‘the Sixth Extinction’, see, for example: Braidotti (2019a, 2, 37, 44, 49, 60–61, 71, 84, 97, 131, 160, and 174); Braidotti and Fuller (2019, 19). See also Kolbert (2014). On Braidotti’s conception of ‘extinction’, see, for example: Braidotti (2013a, 6–7, 9, 64, 83, 84, 96, 103, 111, 113–114, 115, 116, 119, 120, 121, 130, 133, 151, 160, 161, 185, and 187).

41. Braidotti (2019a, 2, punctuation modified).

42. See Schwab (2015).

43. See Kolbert (2014).

44. On the concept of ‘the Anthropocene’, see, for example: Braidotti (2013a, 5, 66, 78–79, 81, 85, 100, 111, and 186); Braidotti (2013b, 8, 13, and 15); Braidotti (2019a, 3, 28, 37, 40, 60, 61, 70, 71, 76–77, 78, 82–86, 98, 104–105, and 116); Braidotti and Fuller (2019, 15, 22, 23, and 24n1); Braidotti (2019b, 32, 35, 36, 44, and 53n4). See also, for instance: Bignall, Hemming, and Rigney (2016); Chakrabarty (2017); Chernilo (2017b); Clark and Gunaratnam (2016); Clark and Yusoff (2017); Cohen, Colebrook, and Miller Hillis (2016); Davis and Turpin (2015); Delanty and Mota (2017); Ferrando (2016); Grusin (2017); Hann (2017); Hoppe (2020); Hornborg (2016); Kirksey (2019); Last (2015); Luke (2017); Nordblad (2016); Scranton (2015); Strydom (2017); Szerszynski (2017a); Szerszynski (2017b); Turner (2016); Wamberg and Thomsen (2016); Whyte (2017).

45. On the concept of ‘the posthuman challenge’, see, for example: Braidotti (2013a, 37–45); Braidotti (2019a, 3, 19, and 28–29).

46. Braidotti (2019a, 2).

47. Ibid., 2.

48. Ibid., 2.

49. Ibid., 2.

50. Cf. Susen (2015a).

51. Braidotti (2019a, 5). On the concept of ‘posthuman times’, see, for example: Braidotti (2013a, 3, 150, 157, and 187); Braidotti (2019a, 1, 5, 11–12, 17, 19, 23, 34, 39, 61, 79, 87, 89, 142, 147, 169, and 182); Braidotti (2019b). See also, for instance: Alaimo (2016).

52. On the concept of ‘posthuman convergence’, see, for example: Braidotti (2019a, 3, 4–5, 6–13, 24, 27–29, 40, 41, 46, 48, 54–55, 66, 71, 72, 73, 76, 87, 95, 97, 100, 103, 113, 118, 119, 128, 130–131, 133–135, 137, 145, 146, 149, 153, 156–158, 160, 162, 171, and 176); Braidotti and Fuller (2019, 3, 15, 23, and 24).

53. On the concept of ‘posthuman predicament’, see, for example: Braidotti (2013a, 3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 40, 42, 46, 51, 54, 66, 89, 93, 94, 104, 111, 115, 116, 120, 138–139, 144, 146, 163, 178–179, 183, and 192); Braidotti (2019a, 8, 11–13, 41, 50, 57, 70–73, 76, 82, 91–92, 142, and 156); Braidotti (2019b, 32, 35, and 43).

54. On the concept of ‘posthuman subject(s)’, see, for example: Braidotti (2013a, 45, 49, 51, 57, 60, 75, 79, 80, 87, 89, 92, 94–96, 100, 103, 136–138, 140, 169, 181, 187, 188–190, 192, 194, and 196); Braidotti (2019a, esp. 40–74 [Chapter 2]); Braidotti (2019b, 31, 33, 34, and 52).

55. Braidotti (2019a, 40, punctuation modified).

56. On the concepts of ‘human exceptionalism’ and ‘humanist exceptionalism’, see, for example: Braidotti (2013a, 66, 86, and 147); Braidotti (2019a, 2, 40, 50, 62, and 164); Braidotti (2019b, 31 and, 32); Braidotti and Fuller (2019, 22).

57. On the concept of ‘Western exceptionalism’, see, for example: Braidotti (2013a, 36).

58. Braidotti (2019a, 40).

59. Ibid., 40.

60. On the concepts of ‘the transversal’ and ‘transversality’, see, for example: Braidotti (2013a, 45, 47, 60, 82, 93, 95, 103–104, 159, and 172); Braidotti (2019a, 17–19, 54, 63–73, 78, 83, 91, 95, 102–119, 121, 124–125, 127–128, 132, 135, and 137); Braidotti (2019b, 31–34, 36, 41, 42, 46, 49, and 50–52); Braidotti and Fuller (2019, 3, 5, 10–13, 15, 16–19, and 23). See also, for instance: Buckley (2013); Cole and Bradley (2018); Goffey (2016); Guattari (2015[1972]); Guattari (2015).

61. See, for example, Stryker and Aizura (2013) as well as Stryker and Whittle (2006).

62. See, for example, Tsing (2015).

63. See, for example, Kirksey and Helmreich (2010).

64. See, for example, Alaimo (2010).

65. Braidotti (2019a, 41).

66. Ibid., 41.

67. On the concept of ‘species supremacism’, see, for example: Braidotti (2013a, 36, 65, 78, 80, and 144); Braidotti (2013b, 2–3 and, 8); Braidotti (2019a, 10, 35, 43, 86, 111, and 142); Braidotti (2019b, 38, 43, and 52).

68. On the concept of ‘human exceptionalism’, see, for example: Braidotti (2013a, 36, 66, 86, and 147); Braidotti (2019a, 2, 30, 40, 50, 62, 77, 84, 101, 129, 151, and 215); Braidotti (2019b, 31–32); Braidotti and Fuller (2019, 22).

69. Braidotti (2019a, 1).

70. Ibid., 1.

71. Ibid., 1.

72. Ibid., 9.

73. Ibid., 9 (punctuation modified).

74. Ibid., 10.

75. Ibid., 10.

76. Ibid., 10.

77. Braidotti (2013a, 56).

78. Ibid., 56.

79. Ibid., 56.

80. Ibid., 57.

81. Ibid., 57.

82. Ibid., 57.

83. Ibid., 57.

84. Ibid., 57–58 (punctuation modified).

85. On ‘trans-disciplinarity’, see, for example: ibid., 58, 146, 163, 169, and 183; Braidotti (2019b, 31–32, 38–40, 45, 47, and 52); Braidotti (2019a, 163, 169, and 183); Braidotti and Fuller (2019, 4, 6, 19, and 24n4). Cf. Guattari (2015).

86. Braidotti (2013a, 58). Cf., for example: Feenberg (2017a, esp. Chapters 2 and 3); Feenberg (2017b); Susen (2020d).

87. Cf., for example: Loick (2018); Susen (2020a, esp. Chapters 9–12 and Epilogue); Welsh (2020). Cf. also, for instance: Braidotti (2019a, esp. Chapters 4 and 5); Braidotti (2019b, esp. 43–49 and 53); Braidotti and Fuller (2019, esp. 23).

88. Braidotti (2013a, 59).

89. See ibid., 59.

90. Ibid., 59.

91. Ibid., 59 (punctuation modified).

92. Ibid., 59 (italics added).

93. Ibid., 59.

94. Ibid., 60.

95. Ibid., 60 (italics added).

96. Ibid., 60. Cf. Guattari (2000 [1989]).

97. Braidotti (2013a, 60).

98. Ibid., 60 (punctuation modified).

99. Ibid., 60.

100. Ibid., 60.

101. Ibid., 60.

102. Cf. Braidotti (2011 [1994]) and Braidotti (1991).

103. Braidotti (2013a, 60).

104. On the concept of ‘zoe’, see, for example: Braidotti (2006); Braidotti (2013a, 50, 60–61, 65, 66, 71, 80, 86, 88, 94, 95, 97, 102, 103, 104, 110–112, 115, 117, 118, 120–122, 131, 132–133, 134–139, 140–141, 146, 159, 168, and 193–194); Braidotti (2016b); Braidotti (2019a, 9–10, 12, 44, 45–46, 47, 50–51, 52, 61, 63, 76–77, 79, 81, 91, 98, 101–102, 111–112, 125, 126, 127, 128–129, 134, 135, 141, 144, 145, 156, 158, 166–169, 171, and 177); Braidotti (2019b, 33, 35, 40, 42, 43, and 48).

105. On the concept of ‘bios’, see, for example: Braidotti (2006); Braidotti (2013a, 60, 65, 115, 137, and 195); Braidotti (2016b); Braidotti (2019a, 10, 12, 45, and 50); Braidotti (2019b, 33–35). See also, for instance, Esposito (2008).

106. On the concept of ‘anthropos’, see, for example: Braidotti (2006); Braidotti (2013a, 60, 65–66, 68–69, 75, 80, 82, 88, 108, 151, and 156); Braidotti (2019a, 45, 46, 54–55, 86, 96, 100, 101, 109, 111, 131, 156, and 164); Braidotti (2019b, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 51, and 52). See also, for instance, Chakrabarty (2009) and Rabinow (2003).

107. Braidotti (2013a, 60). See also Braidotti (2006) and Braidotti (2011 [1994]).

108. Braidotti (2013a, 60).

109. Ibid., 60.

110. Ibid., 60 (punctuation modified).

111. Rose (2007).

112. Braidotti (2013a, 60).

113. Ibid., 60 (italics in original).

114. See ibid., 60.

115. On the concept of ‘the post-anthropocentric turn’, see, for example: ibid., 38, 43, 57, 60, and 75; Braidotti (2013b). See also, for instance: Ferrando (2016, 159 and 170–171); Ferrando (2020).

116. Braidotti (2013a, 60, punctuation modified).

117. Ibid., 61.

118. Ibid., 61.

119. Ibid., 61.

120. See Cooper (2008). See also Braidotti (2013a, 61).

121. Braidotti (2013a, 63).

122. Ibid., 63.

123. Ibid., 63.

124. Ibid., 63. On the concept of ‘vulnerability’, see, for example: Butler (2004); Butler, Gambetti, and Sabsay (2016); Campbell and Hall (2017); Fineman and Grear (2013); Mackenzie, Rogers, and Dodds (2014); McLennan (2019); Misztal (2011); Stanghellini and Rosfort (2013); Turner (2006).

125. Braidotti (2013a, 63). See also Braidotti (2016a).

126. Habermas (2003 [2001]).

127. Fukuyama (2002).

128. Sloterdijk (2009).

129. Borradori (2003).

130. Braidotti (2013a, 64).

131. Ibid., 64.

132. Ibid., 64.

133. Ibid., 64.

134. On the concept of ‘the nature–culture continuum’, see, for example: ibid., 2, 3, 61, 62, 65, 78, 82, 85, 92, 103, 112, and 136; Braidotti (2013b); Braidotti (2019a, 10, 12, 47–48, 76, 77, 80, 95, 113, 125, 126, and 134); Braidotti (2019b).

135. Massumi (1998).

136. Ibid., 59 and 60.

137. On the concept of ‘species supremacy’, see, for instance: Braidotti (2013a, 65 and, 80); Braidotti (2013b); Braidotti (2019a, 10); Braidotti (2019b, 8).

138. Braidotti (2013a, 65, italics added).

139. See note on the concept of ‘the nature–culture continuum’.

140. Braidotti (2013a, 65).

141. See previous note on the concept of ‘species supremacy’.

142. Braidotti (2013a, 65, italics in original).

143. Ibid., 65. On this point, see also Hardt and Negri (2000, 215).

144. Braidotti (2013a, 65). On this point, see also Hardt and Negri (2000, 215).

145. Braidotti (2013a, 65).

146. See previous note on the concept of ‘the Anthropocene’.

147. Braidotti (2013a, 66).

148. Ibid., 66.

149. On this problem, see Susen (2020d, esp. 745, 752, 753–754, 757, and 758). See also, for instance, Feenberg (2017a, esp. 187–204).

150. On this problem, see Susen (2020d, esp. 736, 738, 741, 752–753, and 761). See also, for instance, Feenberg (2017a, esp. 38, 43, 48, 69, 77, and 137–138).

151. On the concept of ‘species supremacism’, see, for example: Braidotti (2013a, 36, 65, 78, 80, and 144); Braidotti (2013b, 2–3 and, 8); Braidotti (2019a, 10, 35, 43, 86, 111, and 142); Braidotti (2019b, 38, 43, and 52).

152. On the concept of ‘human exceptionalism’, see, for example: Braidotti (2013a, 36, 66, 86, and 147); Braidotti (2019a, 2, 30, 40, 50, 62, 77, 84, 101, 129, 151, and 215); Braidotti (2019b, 31–32); Braidotti and Fuller (2019, 22).

153. Braidotti (2013a, 66; in the original version, the term ‘non-human’ is not hyphenated). Cf. Haraway (2016).

154. See Braidotti (2013a, 67–76).

155. See ibid., 81–89.

156. See ibid., 89–95.

157. See ibid., 67.

158. Cf. Margulis and Sagan (2000).

159. See Braidotti (2013a, 67).

160. See ibid., 67.

161. On the concept of ‘critical posthumanities’, see, for example: ibid., 163n8 and 168; Braidotti (2016b); Braidotti (2019b).

162. On the concept of ‘Critical PostHumanities’, see, for instance: Braidotti (2019a, Chapter 4).

163. On the concept of ‘Transversal Posthumanities’, see, for instance: Braidotti and Fuller (2019) (Special Issue: ‘Transversal Posthumanities’).

164. On the concept of ‘Contested Posthumanities’, see, for instance: Braidotti (2016a).

165. On the concept of ‘Conflicting Humanities’, see, for instance: Braidotti and Gilroy (2016b) as well as Braidotti and Gilroy (2016a).

166. On the concept of ‘Posthuman Humanities’, see, for instance: Braidotti (2013a, Chapter 4); Braidotti (2013b).

167. Braidotti (2019a, 5).

168. Ibid., 100.

169. Ibid., 100.

170. See ibid., 100–101.

171. Wolfe (2010).

172. Grosz (2011).

173. Epstein (2012).

174. de Graef (2016).

175. Stimpson (2016).

176. Braidotti (2019a, 101, italics in original).

177. Ibid., 101 (punctuation modified).

178. Ibid., 101.

179. Ibid., 101.

180. Ibid., 101.

181. Ibid., 102.

182. See ibid., 102–104.

183. Ibid., 102.

184. See ibid., 2, 9, 49, 85, and 156–158; see also Braidotti (2019b, 36 and, 37).

185. See Braidotti (2019a, 102).

186. Ibid., 102.

187. Ibid., 102.

188. Ibid., 102.

189. Ibid., 102 (quotation modified).

190. Ibid., 102.

191. Ibid., 102 (quotation modified).

192. Ibid., 102.

193. Ibid., 103.

194. Ibid., 103.

195. Ibid., 103.

196. See previous note on the concept of ‘the posthuman convergence’.

197. On this point, see for instance: Braidotti (2013a, 26, 141, and 164); Braidotti (2019a, 50, 52, 53, 92, 103, 113, 136, 138, 174, 180); Braidotti (2019b, 33, 34, 43, and 53). For a tentative outline of a typology of power, see, for example: Susen (2014 [2015], esp. 14 and 20); Susen (2015a, esp. 117); Susen (2018b). In addition, see Susen (2008a) and Susen (2008b).

198. See Braidotti (2019a, 103).

199. Ibid., 103.

200. Ibid., 103.

201. Ibid., 103.

202. Ibid., 103.

203. Ibid., 104.

204. Ibid., 104.

205. Ibid., 104.

206. Ibid., 104.

207. See ibid., 114. For a Bourdieusian account of social resources, see for instance: Susen (2007, Chapters 5–8); Susen (2011a); Susen (2013a); Susen (2013b); Susen (2016a); Susen (2018a, 61 [point 4] and 67–68 [point 11]); Susen and Turner (2011a); Susen and Turner (2011b).

208. See Braidotti (2019a, 114–115). Cf. Susen (2015a).

209. Braidotti (2019a, 115, punctuation modified).

210. Ibid., 115 (punctuation modified).

211. Ibid., 115.

212. Ibid., 114 (punctuation modified).

213. Ibid., 114.

214. On these points, see also Braidotti (2019b, esp. 49–52). See also Braidotti and Fuller (2019).

215. Braidotti (2019a, 115).

216. Ibid., 115.

217. Ibid., 115.

218. Ibid., 115 (punctuation modified).

219. See Boltanski and Chiapello (2005 [1999]). See also, for instance: Bidet (2002); Boltanski, Rennes, and Susen (2010); Chiapello and Fairclough (2002); Fairclough (2002); Gadrey et al. (2001); Susen (2012); Susen (2015a, 201); Susen (2018a, 46 and, 62); Turner (2007).

220. On this point, see, for example: Browne and Susen (2014); Susen (2012, esp. 287); Susen (2014 [2012], 194–196); Susen (2018a, 25–26). See also Holloway (2010, esp. 6–7, 17, 51, 65, and 180). Cf. Holloway and Susen (2013).

221. Cf. Forst (2012 [2007]) and Forst (2013 [2011]).

222. On the concept of ‘simple domination’, see, for example: Boltanski (2008, esp. 149–158); Boltanski (2009, 186–190); Boltanski (2011 [2009], 124–126). See also, for instance: Susen (2012, 707–710); Boltanski, Rennes, and Susen (2014 [2010], 188–190); Susen (2014b, 652–656); Susen (2016b, 212–215). On the concept of ‘complex domination’, see, for example: Boltanski (2008, esp. 149–158); Boltanski (2009, 190–193); Boltanski (2011 [2009], 127–129). See also, for instance: Susen (2012, 707–710); Boltanski, Rennes, and Susen (2014 [2010], 188–190); Susen (2014b, 652–656); Susen (2016b, 212–215).

223. Braidotti (2019a, 115).

224. Ibid., 115 (punctuation modified).

225. See, for example: Susen (2010a); Susen (2010b, 268–274); Susen (2015a, 127, 129, 134, 135, 176, 177, 186, 187, 188, 189, and 272).

226. Braidotti (2019a, 115).

227. Cf. DeLanda (2016).

228. Braidotti (2019a, 115).

229. Ibid., 115.

230. Ibid., 115.

231. Ibid., 115.

232. Ibid., 115.

233. Ibid., 115.

234. Ibid., 115.

235. Ibid., 115.

236. Ibid., 115.

237. Ibid., 115. Cf. Deleuze and Guattari (1994 [1991]).

238. Braidotti (2019a, 115). Cf. Lykke (2011).

239. Braidotti (2019a, 115). Cf. Stimpson (2016).

240. Braidotti (2019a, 41).

241. On the concept of ‘posthuman subjectivity’, see, for example: ibid., 4, 29, 30, 32, 38, 40–74, 89, 90, 95, 103–104, 134, 138, 153–154, 155, 158, 160, 166, 169–171, and 172. On ‘subjectivity and posthumanism’, see, for instance: Braidotti (2013a, 49, 103, 145, 188–190).

242. Braidotti (2019a, 54).

243. Ibid., 54 (italics in original).

244. Ibid., 54–55 (italics in original).

245. Ibid., 42 (italics in original).

246. Ibid., 42.

247. Ibid., 42.

248. Ibid., 41.

249. Ibid., 41.

250. On this question, see, for example, ibid., 42–44.

251. Ibid., 41.

252. Ibid., 44.

253. Ibid., 45.

254. Ibid., 45.

255. Ibid., 45.

256. Ibid., 45.

257. Ibid., 45 (punctuation modified).

258. See ibid., esp. 42–44.

259. Ibid., 43 (italics added, punctuation modified). On this point, see also Spivak (1999) and Spivak (2003).

260. Braidotti (2019a, 43, italics added).

261. Ibid., 54. See also ibid., 52–55, 157, and 161.

262. Ibid., 9 (punctuation modified).

263. Ibid., 9. Cf. Braidotti (2006).

264. Braidotti (2019a, 9).

265. See Braidotti (2006).

266. See Braidotti (2019a, Chapter 6 [153–173]). See also, for instance, ibid., 4, 5, 19, 36, 121, and 151–152.

267. Ibid., 9.

268. See ibid., 2, 9, 49, 85, and 156–158; see also Braidotti (2019b, 36 and, 37).

269. See Braidotti (2019a, 44–45, 98, and 164). See also, for example: Braidotti (2013a, 45, 103, 159, and 193); Braidotti (2019b, 36, 42, 43, 44, 45, and 49–52).

270. Braidotti (2019a, 44).

271. Ibid., 44.

272. Cf. Susen (2015a, Chapter 4).

273. Cf. ibid., Chapter 4.

274. One may add that many readers, especially those who are not familiar with Braidotti’s work, may find her deconstructivist terminology rather challenging. In her defence, it may be argued that her choice of words may be part of a specific political and aesthetic strategy aimed at questioning, if not subverting, mainstream approaches (including canonized vocabularies) in the humanities and social sciences.

275. Braidotti (2019a, 9, punctuation modified).

276. Ibid., 9.

277. See Braidotti (2006).

278. See Braidotti (2019a, Chapter 6 [153–173]). See also, for instance, ibid., 4, 5, 19, 36, 121, and 151–152.

279. See ibid., 2, 9, 49, 85, and 156–158; see also Braidotti (2019b, 36 and, 37).

280. Braidotti (2019a, 168, punctuation modified).

281. See Kant (1995 [1781]), Kant (1995 [1788]), and Kant (1995 [1790]). See also, for instance, Kant (2009 [1784]) and Kant (2003 [1785]).

282. See, for instance, Braidotti (2019a, 166 and 167).

283. Braidotti (2019b).

284. See Kant (2003 [1785]). On this point, see also, for example: Susen (2007, 48); Susen (2011a, 190 and 197); Susen (2011b); Susen (2014 [2012], 174 and 177); Susen (2015a, 95, 115, 119, 215, and 260); Susen (2015b, 1027–1028); Susen (2020a, 219); Susen (2020b, 130 and 147).

285. See, for instance, Braidotti (2019a, 166 and 167).

286. Braidotti (2019a, 166, punctuation modified).

287. See, for instance, ibid., 166 and 167.

288. Cf. Susen (2020a, 199–200).

289. Cf. Susen (2007, 192–198).

290. Cf. Susen (2020b, esp. 125, 131, 137, 138, 142, 144, and 147).

291. On this point, see, for example: Arendt (1998 [1958]); Chernilo (2014); Chernilo (2017a); Habermas (1987 [1965/1968]); Habermas (2003 [2001]); Honneth and Joas (1988 [1980]); Marx (2000/1977 [1844]); Marx and Engels (2000/1977 [1846]); Pinker (2002); Scheler (2009 [1928]); Susen (2007, Chapter 10); Susen (2010c); Susen (2015b); Susen (2015a, 110–123 and 212–219); Susen (2016c); Susen (2016d); Susen (2020c); Susen (2020b); Wilson (2004 [1978]).

292. Braidotti (2019b).

293. Ibid., 48.

294. Ibid., 44.

295. Braidotti (2019a, 102).

296. Braidotti and Fuller (2019, 7).

297. Braidotti (2019b).

298. Braidotti and Fuller (2019, 7, italics in original, spelling of ‘mise en scène’ modified).

299. Ibid., 7.

300. Ibid., 7.

301. Ibid., 7.

302. Braidotti (2019a, 48, italics added). Cf. Deleuze (1984 [1963]).

303. See Kant (1995 [1781]), Kant (1995 [1788]), and Kant (1995 [1790]). See also, for instance, Kant (2009 [1784]) and Kant (2003 [1785]).

304. See Braidotti (2019a, 118).

305. Ibid., 118. Cf. Deleuze and Guattari (1994 [1991]).

306. Braidotti (2019a, 118). Cf. Deleuze and Guattari (1994 [1991]).

307. Braidotti (2019a, 115).

308. Ibid., 115.

309. Ibid., 118.

310. On the concept of ‘ideal type’, see, for example: Bhambra (2014, 142 and 146); Haug, Haug, and Küttler (2004); Rosenberg (2016); Susen (2015a, 57, 100, 204, 205, 207, and 217); Susen (2020a, 57–58, 83–85, 89, 156, 292–294, and 317); Swedberg (2018).

311. Braidotti (2013a, 11).

312. Ibid., 11.

313. Cf. Susen (2020b, esp. 125, 131, 137, 138, 142, 144, and 147).

314. See Braidotti (2019a, 44–45, 98, and 164). See also, for example: Braidotti (2013a, 45, 103, 159, and 193); Braidotti (2019b, 36, 42, 43, 44, 45, and 49–52).

315. On the concept of ‘animal rights’, see, for instance: Regan and Singer (1989 [1976]); Singer (2015 [1975]). On the concept of ‘human rights’, see, for example: Benhabib (2004); Benhabib (2011); Morris (2013); Nash (2015); Turner (1993); Turner (2006). On ‘the right to justification’, see Forst (2012 [2007]) and Forst (2013 [2011]).

316. See Susen (2016c).

317. See Rosa (2019 [2016]). See also Susen (2020c).

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Notes on contributors

Simon Susen

Simon Susen is Professor of Sociology at City, University of London. He is the author of The Foundations of the Social: Between Critical Theory and Reflexive Sociology (Oxford: Bardwell Press, 2007), The ‘Postmodern Turn’ in the Social Sciences (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), Pierre Bourdieu et la distinction sociale. Un essai philosophique (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2016), The Sociology of Intellectuals: After ‘The Existentialist Moment’ (with Patrick Baert, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), and Sociology in the Twenty-First Century: Key Trends, Debates, and Challenges (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020). Along with Celia Basconzuelo and Teresita Morel, he edited Ciudadanía territorial y movimientos sociales. Historia y nuevas problemáticas en el escenario latinoamericano y mundial (Río Cuarto: Ediciones del ICALA, 2010). Together with Bryan S. Turner, he edited The Legacy of Pierre Bourdieu: Critical Essays (London: Anthem Press, 2011), The Spirit of Luc Boltanski: Essays on the ‘Pragmatic Sociology of Critique’ (London: Anthem Press, 2014), and a Special Issue on the work of Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt, which appeared in the Journal of Classical Sociology 11(3): 229–335, 2011. In addition, he edited a Special Issue on Bourdieu and Language, which was published in Social Epistemology 27(3–4): 195–393, 2013.