ABSTRACT
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves structural damage to the brain regions causing death or disability in patients with lifelong sufferings. Accidental injuries to the brain, besides structural damage, if any, cause activation of various deleterious pathways leading to subsequent neuronal death and permanent dysfunction. However, immediate medical management/treatments could reduce the chances of disability and suffering to the patients. The objective of the current review is to review triggered molecular pathways following TBI and discuss possible targets that could restore brain functions. Understanding the pathologic process is always useful to device novel treatment strategies and may rescue the patient with TBI from death or associated co-morbidities. The current review significantly contributes to improve our understanding about the molecular pathways and neuronal death following TBI and helps us to provide possible targets that could be useful in the management/treatment of TBI.
Abbreviation List
5-HT – 5-Hydroxytryptamine
Ach – Acetylcholine
AChE – Acetylcholinesterase
APAF1 – Apoptotic protease activating factor-1
ATP – Adenosine tri phosphate
BBB – Blood brain barrier
BDNF – Brain derived neurotrophic factor
COMT – Catechol-O-methyltransferase
CRGP – Calcitonin related gene peptide
Cyt C – Cytochrome C
DA – Dopamine
EAAT – Excitatory amino acid transporter
GABA – Gamma aminobutyric acid
GABA – Gamma aminobutyric acid
GCS – Glasgow Coma Scale
GHD – Growth hormone deficiency
GLAST – Glutamate aspartate transporter
GLT – Glutamate Transporters
Glu – Glutamate
ICP – Intracranial pressure
IL – Interleukin
INF γ – Interferon γ
MAO A – Monoamine oxidase A
NE – Norepinephrine
NET – Norepinephrine transporter
NK A – Neurokinin A
NK B – Neurokinin B
ROS – Reactive oxygen species
SERT – Serotonin transporter
TBI – Traumatic Brain Injury
TNF – Tumour necrosis factor α
VAChT – vesicular acetylcholine transporter
VMAT – Vesicular monoamine transporters
Disclosure Statement
“The authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interest.”