A new approach to phonocardiogram severity analysis

Abstract

Phonocardiogram signal (PCG) has been the subject of several signal processing studies, where researchers applied various analysis techniques and extracted numerous features for different purposes, like cardiac pathologies identification, healthy/pathologic case discrimination, and severity assessment. When talking about cardiac severity, many think directly about the intensity or energy of the signal as the most reliable parameter. However, cardiac severity is not always reflected by the intensity or energy of the signal but includes other variables as well. In this paper, we will discuss the probability of having a Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) parameter that discriminates, identifies, and assesses the pathological cardiac severity levels, a parameter that takes into consideration other variables and elements for the severity study. For this purpose, we studied six PCGs signals that contain reduced murmurs (clicks) and eight murmur signals with four different cardiac severity levels. We extracted the Entropy of Approximation Coefficients (EAC) from the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) sub-bands as the feature to study in this novel approach. The Energetic Ratio (ER) served as a reference parameter to evaluate the EAC evolution, due to its proven efficiency in cardiac severity tracking. While the DWT-EAC algorithm results revealed that the EAC provides better results for the paper purposes, the One versus All Support Vector Machine (OVA-SVM) classifier affirmed the efficiency of the Entropy of Approximation Coefficients (EAC) for cardiac severity assessment and proved the accuracy of this novel approach.

Keywords:

• Phonocardiogram signal
• cardiac severity
• entropy of approximation coefficients
• One versus All Support Vector Machine

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Directorate-General of Scientific Research and Technological Development (Direction Générale de la Recherche Scientifique et du Développement Technologique, DGRSDT, URL:www.dgrsdt.dz, Algeria) for the financial assistance towards this research.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.