Current and emerging vascularization strategies in skin tissue engineering

Abstract

Vascularization is a key process in skin tissue engineering, determining the biological function of artificial skin implants. Hence, efficient vascularization strategies are a major prerequisite for the safe application of these implants in clinical practice. Current approaches include (i) modification of structural and physicochemical properties of dermal scaffolds, (ii) biological scaffold activation with growth factor-releasing systems or gene vectors, and (iii) generation of prevascularized skin substitutes by seeding scaffolds with vessel-forming cells. These conventional approaches may be further supplemented by emerging strategies, such as transplantation of adipose tissue-derived microvascular fragments, 3D bioprinting and microfluidics, miRNA modulation, cell sheet engineering, and fabrication of photosynthetic scaffolds. The successful translation of these vascularization strategies from bench to bedside may pave the way for a broad clinical implementation of skin tissue engineering.

Keywords:

• Angiogenesis
• blood vessels
• dermal substitute
• endothelial cells
• mesenchymal stem cells
• scaffold modification
• skin defect

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the excellent assistance of Janine Becker, Julia Parakenings, and Claudia Scheuer.

Disclosure statement

The authors report that they have no conflicts of interest.