A critical assessment on scalable technologies using high solids loadings in lignocellulose biorefinery: challenges and solutions

Abstract

The pretreatment and the enzymatic saccharification are the key steps in the extraction of fermentable sugars for further valorization of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) to biofuels and value-added products via biochemical and/or chemical conversion routes. Due to low density and high-water absorption capacity of LCB, the large volume of water is required for its processing. Integration of pretreatment, saccharification, and co-fermentation has succeeded and well-reported in the literature. However, there are only few reports on extraction of fermentable sugars from LCB with high biomass loading (>10% Total solids-TS) feasible to industrial reality. Furthermore, the development of enzymatic cocktails can overcome technology hurdles with high biomass loading. Hence, a better understanding of constraints involved in the development of technology with high biomass loading can result in an economical and efficient yield of fermentable sugars for the production of biofuels and bio-chemicals with viable titer, rate, and yield (TRY) at industrial scale. The present review aims to provide a critical assessment on the production of fermentable sugars from lignocelluloses with high solid biomass loading. The impact of inhibitors produced during both pretreatment and saccharification has been elucidated. Moreover, the limitations imposed by high solid loading on efficient mass transfer during saccharification process have been elaborated.

Keywords:

• Enzymatic saccharification
• high biomass loading
• agitator design
• additives
• insoluble and soluble inhibitors
• biochemical conversion

Acknowledgements

A. K. Chandel acknowledges the financial support from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-CNPq, Brazil (Scientific productivity project-PQ2: 309214/2021-1). Figures 1 and 3 have been prepared using www.biorender.com.

Author contributions

Richa Arora: writing – original draft. Poonam Singh: writing. Prakash Kumar Sarangi: part of manuscript and revision. Sachin Kumar: review, editing, and supervision. Anuj K. Chandel: review, editing, planning, and supervision.

Ethical approval

Not required.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

Additional information

Funding

A. K. Chandel acknowledges the financial support from CNPq, Brazil (Scientific Productivity Project-PQ2: 309214/2021-1).