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Abstract
BACKGROUND. Polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have been suggested to account for some of the genetic variation in bone mass. However, the relationship has been controversial. It has been suggested that environmental factors such as physical activity may be one of the many reasons for this controversy.
AIM. We investigated the possible interactions of VDR gene polymorphisms and low to moderate intensity exercise on bone mineral density (BMD) in a four‐year controlled, randomized intervention trial in 140 middle‐aged Finnish men.
METHOD. The TaqI, FokI, and ApaI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)‐markers of the VDR gene were evaluated. BMDs of the lumbar spine (L2–L4), femoral neck, and total proximal femur were measured with dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). In addition, the relations of the VDR gene polymorphism with bone turnover markers (serum tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) 5b activity and serum osteocalcin concentration) were evaluated.
RESULTS. At the randomization, the subjects with the VDR TaqI Tt or tt genotype had a greater body height than the subjects with TT genotype (P = 0.001). In addition, the association of VDR TaqI polymorphism with femoral BMD was found. The Tt or tt genotype associated with higher femoral neck values than the TT genotype (P = 0.003) at randomization. After adjusting the femoral neck for body height, the association remained (P = 0.021). We did not find any association between VDR gene polymorphism and bone turnover markers or any interactions of VDR gene polymorphisms and exercise on BMD.
CONCLUSIONS. The TaqI polymorphism may be associated with body height and femoral neck BMD values. The present findings also suggest that the VDR polymorphisms do not modify the effect of regular aerobic exercise on BMD. However, more randomized controlled exercise trials are needed to investigate the role of exercise intensity on VDR gene polymorphisms, and the role of VDR gene polymorphisms on BMD.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from the Ministry of Education in Finland (322/722/94; 80/722/95; 176/722/96; 42/722/97; 84/722/98; 138/722/99; 112/722/2000), from the City of Kuopio, from the Academy of Finland, and from University of Kuopio, and from the Finnish Graduate School in Musculo‐Skeletal Problems (TULES).