Effect of filtration by activated charcoal on the toxicological activity of cigarette mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes

Abstract

Activated charcoal (AC) filtration reportedly decreases the yields of smoke vapor phase constituents including some identified as human carcinogens and respiratory irritants. Non-clinical studies including chemical smoke analysis, in vitro cytotoxicity and mutagenicity (bacterial and mammalian cells), and in vivo subchronic rat inhalation studies were carried out using machine smoking at ISO conditions with lit-end research cigarettes containing AC filters. The objective was to assess whether AC filter technology would alter the established toxicity profile of mainstream smoke by increasing or decreasing any known toxicological properties, or elicit new ones. The reduced yield of vapor phase irritants from AC filter cigarettes correlated with markedly decreased in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo morphology of the nose and lower respiratory tract. Increased yields of particulate phase constituents (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in AC filtered smoke were noted in comparison to controls in some studies. The in vitro bacterial mutagenicity of AC filtered smoke particulate preparations was occasionally increased over control levels. Laryngeal epithelial thickness was increased in some rats inhaling AC filtered smoke in comparison to controls, an effect perhaps related to higher inspiratory flow. When tested under more intense Massachusetts Department of Public Health smoking conditions, AC filter associated reductions in vapor phase constituent yields were smaller than those seen with ISO conditions, but the effect on in vitro cytotoxicity remained.

Keywords::

• Activated charcoal filtration
• cigarette mainstream smoke
• chemical analysis
• in vitro toxicity testing
• mutagenicity
• cytotoxicity
• subchronic inhalation
• intense smoking conditions

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the staff at Philip Morris Research Laboratories in Cologne, Germany, and Leuven, Belgium, and the Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute in Chicago for the technical performance of the studies described. These studies were funded by Philip Morris USA.