Utility of devices for onychomycosis: a review

Abstract

Onychomycosis is difficult to treat due to long treatment durations, poor efficacy rates of treatments, high relapse rates, and safety issues when using systemic antifungal agents. Device-based treatments are targeted to specific regions of the nail, have favorable safely profiles, and do not interfere with systemic agents. They may be an effective alternative therapy for onychomycosis especially with increasing reports of squalene epoxidase gene mutations and potential resistance to terbinafine therapy. In this review, we discuss four devices used as antifungal treatments and three devices used as penetration enhancers for topical agents. Lasers, photodynamic therapy, microwaves, and non-thermal plasma have the capacity to inactivate fungal pathogens demonstrated through in vivo studies. Efficacy rates for these devices, however, remain relatively low pointing toward the need to further optimize device or usage parameters. Ultrasound, nail drilling, and iontophoresis aid in improving the permeability of topical agents through the nail and have been investigated as adjunctive therapies. Due to the paucity in clinical data, their efficacy in treating onychomycosis has not yet been established. While the results of clinical studies point toward the potential utility of devices for onychomycosis, further large-scale randomized clinical trials following regulatory guidelines are required to confirm current results.

Keywords:

• Devices
• onychomycosis
• lasers
• microwave
• photodynamic therapy
• non-thermal plasma
• iontophoresis
• nail drilling
• ultrasound

Acknowledgements

Some of the figures were created using BioRender.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Author contributions

Conceptualization, A.K.G.; Investigation, S.P.R. and S.H-N.; Methodology; S.P.R., S.H-N. and T.W.; Project Administration, A.K.G. and E.A.C.; Supervision, A.K.G. and E.A.C.; Validation; A.K.G., S.P.R., S.H-N., T.W. and E.A.C.; Visualization, S.P.R. and S.H-N.; Writing – Original Draft Preparation: S.P.R., S.H-N. and E.A.C.; Writing – Review and Editing; A.K.G., S.P.R., S.H-N., T.W. and E.A.C.

Data availability statement

Data sharing not applicable – no new data generated.

Additional information

Funding

A.K.G, the primary author, self-funded the writing and preparation of the manuscript. The article publication charges were covered by Emblation Ltd, United Kingdom.