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Abstract
Purpose: (1) To examine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and operationally defined depressive disorder (major depression) in an Irish sample of subjects undergoing inpatient rehabilitation following their first stroke. (2) To investigate factors predictive of depression following stroke. (3) To examine the relationship between post-stroke depression and outcome following inpatient rehabilitation.
Methods: Fifty consecutive patients meeting inclusion criteria who were admitted for inpatient rehabilitation to a specialised unit following their first stroke were prospectively studied. Inclusion criteria: first stroke 3 – 12 months previously, lesion identified on CT or MRI, age 18 – 65 years, at least some sensory/motor impairment, no pre-existing disabling condition and Barthel Index score > 14 prior to stroke. Mood (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder), Cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination) and Disability (Barthel Index, Rankin Disability Scale) were assessed one week after admission (baseline) and again after 2 months of rehabilitation. Outcome was measured as effectiveness of rehabilitation (Shah et al., 1990) and length of inpatient stay (LOS).
Results: 10/50 (20%) of the sample met criteria for major depressive disorder on admission. The best predictor of depression was gender, with females having a two-fold higher rate of both subjectively reported and objectively rated depressive symptoms. Depression was unrelated to baseline Barthel Disability, side of lesion or previous psychiatric history. The best predictor of effectiveness of rehabilitation was baseline Barthel Disability score. Depression did not predict either effectiveness or LOS.
Conclusion: (1) Major depression is common in subjects undergoing rehabilitation following their first stroke. (2) Females appear to be especially at risk, possibly reflecting an increased general risk of depression. (3) Depression in our sample was not related to functional disability following stroke or early functional outcome following rehabilitation.