Identification of problems in the functioning of individuals with schizophrenia from the expert perspective: an Internet-based survey

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify aspects of functioning and related environmental factors that are relevant to schizophrenia from the perspective of health professionals experienced in treating individuals with this disorder using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).

Method: An international pool of experts from diverse health care disciplines was surveyed to identify problems in functioning experienced by individuals with schizophrenia and the environmental factors that impact their functioning. On the basis of established rules, all answers were translated to the ICF by two independent researchers.

Results: One-hundred and eighty-nine experts from all six World Health Organization regions identified 4776 meaningful concepts, of which 92% were linked to 347 different ICF categories. Of the 347 categories, 194 were second-level categories, 151 were third-level categories and 2 were fourth-level categories. Ninety-five second-level ICF categories, 43 third-level categories and 1 fourth-level category reached percentage frequency of at least 5%. The majority of the categories were attributed to body functions, activities and participation, and environmental factors.

Conclusions: Health professionals identified a wide range of problems in functioning that reflect the complexity and breadth of schizophrenia, specifically activity limitations and participation restrictions that are particularly relevant for individuals with schizophrenia. Knowing these functioning problems can guide the design of patient-oriented rehabilitation programmes.

Implications for rehabilitation

• Schizophrenia may result in impaired functioning in multiple daily life activities. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) can help in identifying the needs and problems of these individuals.

• The reported list of ICF categories can facilitate a systematic application of the ICF in schizophrenia and can help to design and implement coordinated and patient oriented rehabilitation programmes with a biopsychosocial approach.

• According to health professionals surveyed, activity limitations and participation restrictions are broadly affected in this population and are highly influenced by neurocognitive and social cognitive deficits and environmental factors.

Keywords:

• International Classification of Functioning
• Disability and Health (ICF)
• ICF Core Set
• schizophrenia
• functioning

Acknowledgements

We express our thanks to all expert survey participants for their invaluable contribution and the time they devoted to respond to the questionnaire (participants who agreed to be acknowledged in the publication are listed in first name alphabetical order): H. Al Omari, Y. Albayrak, L. D. Alphs, R. Artzi-Medvedik, A. L. Bahorik, V. Balanzá-Martinez, F. Bar, C. Barrio, M. Battisti, H. Beetge, U. Bejerholm, K. J. Bentley, M. Bernardo Arroyo, J. J. Blanchard, D. Boggs, S. Bowman, C. Brain, H. T. Buckland, M. D. Buffum, M. Buoli, T. Burnett, B. Carpiniello, K. H. Chambers, H. Chandrashekar, W. C. Chang, Y. T. Chang, J. C. Chang, C. de Kock, M. de Vries, D. Dickinson, R. Dresdner, A. Ellis, P. El-Mallakh, C. Faget-Agius, J. Farhall, S. Farhang, P. Fusar-Poli, K. Gandevia, G. Garrido, E. Golding, A. Golenkov, P. Grandon, M. F. Green, K. Greeno, I. Grobler, R. Groenewald, A. Gupta, R. C. Gur, M. Haddad, C. Harvey, A. A. Hasan, M. Hazelton, J. Hsiao, C. Huber, E. Huerta-Ramos, E. Huizing, T. Jagadisha, M. Kluge, R. Koichi, S. Kondo, M. Laviana, E. Leiderman, H. Leutwyler, S. Liersch-Sumskis, L. L. Lipskaya-Velikovsky, E. Lowick, S. Marder, R. McAuliffe, A. Mechri, A. Mhalla, S. Miret, A. Moe, S. Mosolov, T. Murai, B. Narayanan, C. E. Newhill, S. Ochoa, H. Ohata, T. Okasha, T. Olaolu Adebowale, D. Opler, L. Opler, R. Penades, A. E. Pinkham, K. Puskar, P. Ramachandran, G. Remington, M. Rodrigues Louzã, M. Rodriguez, D. Rose, M. A. Roy, H. Ryota, M. Sajatovic, S. Saldivia, S. Samuelson, M. Sathyaseelan, P. Seeman, G. Serafini, P. Skaltsi, P. Solomon, A. Soundy, W. Spaulding, J. Srilatha, W. Stephen E, D. Strzelecki, K. Subotnik, C. Summerville, S. Suryani, E. Tan, V. Thewissen, C. Thunyadee, F. Torres-Gonzalez, E. Twamley, A. van der Wath, A. Vazquez Morejon, D. I. Velligan, L. Venkatraman, M. Verbeek, P. Vianin, A. Vita, P. Welsh, D. Wiersma, R. Williams, G. H. Y. Wong, W. Wong, Y. Yasuda, J. Zielasek, S. B. Zincir.

Disclosure statement

The authors report no conflict of interest.