Protein–lipid interactions studied with designed transmembrane peptides: role of hydrophobic matching and interfacial anchoring (Review)

Abstract

Biological membranes are characterized by a heterogeneous composition, which is not only manifested in the wide variety of their components, but also in aspects like the lateral organization, topology, and conformation of proteins and lipids. In bringing about the correct membrane structure, protein–lipid interactions can be expected to play a prominent role. The extent of hydrophobic matching between transmembrane protein segments and lipids potentially constitutes a versatile director of membrane organization, because a tendency to avoid hydrophobic mismatch could result in compensating adaptations such as tilt of the transmembrane segment or segregation into distinct domains. Also, interfacial interactions between lipid headgroups and the aromatic and charged residues that typically flank transmembrane domains may act as an organizing element. In this review, we discuss the numerous model studies that have systematically explored the influence of hydrophobic matching and interfacial anchoring on membrane structure. Designed peptides consisting of a polyleucine or polyleucine/alanine hydrophobic stretch, which is flanked on both sides by tryptophan or lysine residues, reflect the general layout of transmembrane protein segments. It is shown for phosphatidylcholine bilayers and for other model membranes that these peptides adapt a transmembrane topology without extensive peptide or lipid adaptations under conditions of hydrophobic matching, but that significant rearrangements can result from hydrophobic mismatch. Moreover, these effects depend on the nature of the flanking residues, implying a modulation of the mismatch response by interfacial interactions of the flanking residues. The implications of these model studies for the organization of biomembranes are discussed in the context of recent experiments with more complex systems.

• Protein–lipid interactions
• designed transmembrane peptides
• model membranes
• hydrophobic mismatch
• interfacial anchoring

Ac, acetyl; Am, amide; Etn, ethanolamine; K′, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PG, phosphatidylglycerol; PS, phosphatidylserine; PA, phosphatidic acid; CD, circular dichroism; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; ESR, electron spin resonance; DSC, differential scanning calorimetry; ATR-FTIR, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared; AFM, atomic force microscopy; MAS, magic angle spinning; H/D, hydrogen/deuterium; L_α, lamellar liquid-crystalline; L_β, lamellar gel; H_II, inverted hexagonal; I, isotropic; L_o, lamellar liquid-ordered

Ac, acetyl; Am, amide; Etn, ethanolamine; K′, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PG, phosphatidylglycerol; PS, phosphatidylserine; PA, phosphatidic acid; CD, circular dichroism; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; ESR, electron spin resonance; DSC, differential scanning calorimetry; ATR-FTIR, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared; AFM, atomic force microscopy; MAS, magic angle spinning; H/D, hydrogen/deuterium; L_α, lamellar liquid-crystalline; L_β, lamellar gel; H_II, inverted hexagonal; I, isotropic; L_o, lamellar liquid-ordered