Alkylated derivatives of poly(ethylacrylic acid) can be inserted into preformed liposomes and trigger pH-dependent intracellular delivery of liposomal contents

Abstract

Poly(ethylacrylic acid) (PEAA) is a pH-sensitive polymer that undergoes a transition from a hydrophilic to a hydrophobic form as the pH is lowered from neutral to acidic values. In this work we show that pH sensitive liposomes capable of intracellular delivery can be constructed by inserting a lipid derivative of PEAA into preformed large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) using a simple one step incubation procedure. The lipid derivatives of PEAA were synthesized by reacting a small proportion (3%) of the carboxylic groups of PEAA with C₁₀ alkylamines to produce C₁₀-PEAA. Incubation of C₁₀-PEAA with preformed LUV resulted in the association of up to 8% by weight of derivatized polymer with the LUV without inducing aggregation. The resulting C₁₀-PEAA-LUV exhibited pH-dependent fusion and leakage of LUV contents on reduction of the external pH below pH 6.0 as demonstrated by lipid mixing and release of calcein encapsulated in the LUV. In addition, C₁₀-PEAA-LUV exhibited pH dependent intracellular delivery properties following uptake into COS-7 cells with appreciable delivery to the cell cytoplasm as evidenced by the appearance of diffuse intracellular calcein fluorescence. It is demonstrated that the cytoplasmic delivery of calcein by C₁₀-PEAA-LUV could be inhibited by agents (bafilomycin or chloroquine) that inhibit acidification of endosomal compartments, indicating that this intracellular delivery resulted from the pH-dependent destabilization of LUV and endosomal membranes by the PEAA component of the C₁₀-PEAA-LUV. It is concluded that C₁₀-PEAA-LUV represents a promising intracellular delivery system for in vitro and in vivo applications.

• Liposomes
• intracellular delivery
• pH-sensitive polymers
• poly(ethylacrylic acid)
• pH-dependent membrane fusion

PEAA, poly(2-ethylacrylic acid); LUV, large unilamellar vesicles; PEAA-LUV, LUV coated with alkylated PEAA; ³H-CHE, [³H] cholesteryl hexadecyl ether; DTNB, 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid); AET, 2-aminoethanethiol; EDC, 1, Ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide; Rh-PE, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(lissamine Rhodamine B sulfonyl); NBD-PE, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(7-nitro-1-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl), RET, resonance energy transfer; HBS, 5 mM HEPES in 150 mM NaCl pH 7.5

PEAA, poly(2-ethylacrylic acid); LUV, large unilamellar vesicles; PEAA-LUV, LUV coated with alkylated PEAA; ³H-CHE, [³H] cholesteryl hexadecyl ether; DTNB, 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid); AET, 2-aminoethanethiol; EDC, 1, Ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide; Rh-PE, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(lissamine Rhodamine B sulfonyl); NBD-PE, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(7-nitro-1-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl), RET, resonance energy transfer; HBS, 5 mM HEPES in 150 mM NaCl pH 7.5