Exploring halophilic environments as a source of new antibiotics

Abstract

Microbial natural products from microbes in extreme environments, including haloarchaea, and halophilic bacteria, possess a huge capacity to produce novel antibiotics. Additionally, enhanced isolation techniques and improved tools for genomic mining have expanded the efficiencies in the antibiotic discovery process. This review article provides a detailed overview of known antimicrobial compounds produced by halophiles from all three domains of life. We summarize that while halophilic bacteria, in particular actinomycetes, contribute the vast majority of these compounds the importance of understudied halophiles from other domains of life requires additional consideration. Finally, we conclude by discussing upcoming technologies- enhanced isolation and metagenomic screening, as tools that will be required to overcome the barriers to antimicrobial drug discovery. This review highlights the potential of these microbes from extreme environments, and their importance to the wider scientific community, with the hope of provoking discussion and collaborations within halophile biodiscovery. Importantly, we emphasize the importance of bioprospecting from communities of lesser-studied halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms as sources of novel therapeutically relevant chemical diversity to combat the high rediscovery rates. The complexity of halophiles will necessitate a multitude of scientific disciplines to unravel their potential and therefore this review reflects these research communities.

Keywords:

• Halophiles
• halophilic bacteria
• antimicrobial discovery
• actinomycetes
• natural products

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge our colleagues at Queen’s University Belfast for the great discussions and feedback. Also, Simon Gibbons from the University of East Anglia for the thoughtful advices.

Authors contributions

TT and BG conceived the idea. TT collected literature data, created the tables and figures, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. BG reviewed and edited the manuscript. Both authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Department for Employment and Learning Northern Ireland (via a PhD Scholarship to TT) and Department for the Economy [DFE2019].