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Articles

The Dolphin: A Standard Defensive Weapon on Ancient Mediterranean Merchant Ships or a Specialized Weapon for Specific Situations?

El delfín: un arma defensiva estandar en las embarcaciones mercantes del Mediterráneo antiguo o un arma especializada para situaciones específicas?

海豚—古代地中海商船的标准防御武器,抑或应对特定情况的专用武器?

海豚—古代地中海商船的標準防禦武器,抑或應對特定情況的專用武器?

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Pages 122-132 | Published online: 02 May 2023
 

ABSTRACT

A long-held belief in classical Mediterranean seafaring is that merchant ships were outfitted with heavy weights called dolphins mounted at the ends of yardarms and were defensive weapons dropped on opposing ships to sink them. A review of the iconographic and textual evidence, however, reveals no evidence to support such a weapon was ever used on merchant ships sailing in the open seas, and instead, the textual evidence allows for the possibility that cranes or even catapults were outfitted on ships as offensive weapons as early as 424 BC and on merchant ships, but only under special conditions, in 413 BC.

RESUMEN

Una creencia ampliamente sostenida sobre la navegación en el Mediterráneo clásico, es que las embarcaciones mercantes estaban equipadas con pesos llemados delfines que se montaban en los extremos de las vergas como armas defensivas que se soltaban sobre las embarcaciones enemigas para hundirlas. No obstante, una revisión de las fuentes escritas e iconográficas, revela que no hay evidencia que soporte que este tipo de arma haya sido utilizada en embarcaciones mercantes que navegaban a mar abierto. Por el contrario, la evidencia textual lleva a pensar en que, en una época tan temprana como el 424 a.C y unicamente en condiciones epeciales en el 413 a.C., las embarcaciones estaban equipas con gruas y catapultas como armas ofensivas.

摘要

对于古典时期地中海航海长期以来存有的一种看法就是装在横桁端被称为海豚的重物是用于投向敌船以击沉它们的防御性武器。然而,对图像和文本证据的检讨表明没有证据支持在公海航行的商船曾使用过这种武器,相反的是,文本证据显示吊杆或弩炮最早于公元前 424 年作为进攻性武器装配在船上的可能性,而要到公元前 413 年其才在特殊条件下装备于商船上。

摘要

長期以來針對古典時期地中海航海存在的一種觀點就是裝在橫桁端被稱為海豚的重物是用於投向敵船以擊沉它們的防禦性武器。然而,對圖像和文本證據的檢討表明沒有證據支持在公海航行的商船曾使用過這種武器,相反的是,文本證據顯示吊桿或弩炮最早於公元前 424 年作為進攻性武器裝配在船上的可能性,而要到公元前 413 年其才在特殊條件下裝備於商船上。

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

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