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ABSTRACT
In January 1765, the Spanish merchant frigate Purísima Concepción went aground on the Atlantic coast of Tierra del Fuego while sailing along the Cape Horn route from Cádiz to Lima. The shipwreck survivors remained in the island for nearly three months, time devoted to the construction of another vessel while interacting peacefully with the native population. In view of the historical significance of this event, an archaeological project was conducted to locate the shipwreck and survivor’s camp. The searches were conducted both on land and underwater in the areas that were considered to have the highest potential based on previous archaeological surveys and thorough documentary research. Positive results were reinforced by an interdisciplinary approach and specialized archaeometric studies, allowing us to meet the project’s goals.
RESUMEN
En enero de 1765, la fragata mercante española Purísima Concepción encalló en la costa atlántica de Tierra del Fuego mientras navegaba por la ruta del cabo de Hornos desde Cádiz hacia Lima. Los sobrevivientes del naufragio permanecieron en la isla por casi tres meses, tiempo que dedicaron a la construcción de otra embarcación mientras interactuaban pacíficamente con la población nativa. En vista de la importancia histórica de este evento, se llevó a cabo un proyecto arqueológico para localizar el naufragio y el campamento de los sobrevivientes. Se realizaron búsquedas tanto en tierra como subacuáticas en áreas que se consideraron de mayor potencial en base a prospecciones arqueológicas previas y a una exhaustiva investigación histórica. Los resultados positivos fueron reforzados por un enfoque interdisciplinario y estudios arqueométricos especializados, lo cual nos permitió alcanzar los objetivos del proyecto.
摘要
1765年1月，西班牙商船护卫舰’圣母无染原罪号’（Purísima Concepción）在沿着合恩角航线从加的斯驶前往利马时在大西洋沿岸的火地岛搁浅。海难幸存者在岛上停留了将近三个月，利用这段时间致力于打造另一艘航船，并与当地居民和平互动。鉴于这一事件的历史意义，一项考古研究计划由此展开以确定沉船和幸存者营地的位置。基于之前的考古调查和全面的文献梳理，搜索工作是在被认为最具潜在可能性的陆上和水下区域进行的。跨学科方法和专门的考古测量学研究增强了研究的积极成果，使我们得以实现此计划的目标。
摘要
1765年1月，西班牙商船護衛艦「聖母無染原罪號」（Purísima Concepción）在沿著合恩角航線從加的斯駛前往利馬時在大西洋沿岸的火地島擱淺。海難幸存者在島上停留了近三個月，利用這段時間致力於打造另一艘航船，並與當地居民和平互動。鑒於這一事件的歷史意義，一項考古研究計劃由此展開以確定沉船和幸存者營地的位置。基於之前的考古調查和全面的文獻梳理，搜索工作是在被認為最具潛在可能性的陸上和水下區域進行的。跨學科方法和專門的考古測量學研究增強了研究的積極成果，使我們得以實現此計劃的目標。
المُستخلص
في يناير من عام ١٧٦٥ جَنحت الفرقاطة التجارية الإسبانية بوريسيما كونسبسيون على الساحل الأطلسي لتييرا ديل فويغو أثناء الإبحار على طول طريق كيب هورن من قادس إلى ليما . مَكث الناجون من حُطام السفينة في الجزيرة لما يقرب من ثلاثة أشهر حيث تم استغلال هذا الوقت في بناء سفينة أخرى أثناء التفاعل مع السكان الأصليين للجزيرة بسلام. وفي ضوء الأهمية التاريخية لهذا الحدث، تم اجراء مشروع أثري لتحديد مكان حُطام السفينة ومُخيم الناجين. ولقد أُجريت عمليات البحث على اليابسة وتحت الماء في المناطق التي تم اعتبارها ذات إمكانية أعلى وذلك بُناءً على المسوحات أو الدراسات الأستقصائية الأثرية السابقة والبحوث الوثائقية الشاملة. ولقد تم ايضاً القيام بتعزيز النتائج الإيجابية من خلال نهج مُتعدد التخصصات والدراسات القياسية المتخصصة، مما سمح لنا بتحقيق أهداف المشروع .
Acknowledgements
The field work was mainly financed by National Geographic Society (Expeditions Council) Grant EC-0813-16 awarded to Dr. Dolores Elkin. Additional support was provided by National Geographic Partners- Argentina, the Direction of Museums (Secretary of Culture) of Tierra del Fuego, the companies La Anónima S.A., Kamby S.A., Marine Magnetics, Hypack, Gendarmería Nacional, Posada del Fin del Mundo, Makalu, La Unión, as well as various individuals which personally contributed financially with the project: I. Menendez Behety, S. Bilbao, M. Viaña, D. Martinioni, J. Croce and M. Krivor. Work in the field was conducted by the Underwater Archaeology team of the Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano (special thanks to Cristian Murray, Chris Underwood and Mónica Grosso) and the Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (special thanks to Francisco Zangrando), as well as archaeologists Joe Hoyt and Michael Krivor. We also want to acknowledge the valuable collaboration provided by R. Vera, D. Robledo, A. Imbert, L. Muiños, A. Szczepañski, V. Drago, M. Capdet, and everyone else who in one way or another facilitated the field work. Specialists J. Martí and C. García Rivera (Centro de Arqueología Subacuática, Junta de Andalucía, Cádiz), F. Trejo (Subdirección de Arqueologia Subacuática –INAH Mexico), V. Velasquez (Instituto Campechano, México), C. Salgado-Ceballos (University of Exeter, UK), have been very helpful with desk-based work related to this project. The compositional analyses were supported in part by NSF 1912776 awarded to the Archaeometry Lab at MURR. Our sincere recognition to all these people and institutions.
Disclosure Statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Author Contributions
Dolores Elkin and Martín Vázquez were responsible for the general project design and field work and for drafting the majority of the article. Michael Krivor was in charge of the magnetometry survey and interpretation, and wrote the section corresponding to such topic. Michael D. Glascock and Brandi MacDonald were responsible for analysing the samples by Neutron Activation Analysis and for interpreting the results through comparisons to a database of ceramics from around the world to identify the probable provenance. Catherine Klesner and Brandi MacDonald did the Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.
All the authors participated in discussions and exchanges of texts prior to the final drafting of this article and contributed with the figures and/or tables related to their respective fields of expertise.
Permission Statement
All the figures and tables in the article were made by the authors; no external permissions are required. The fieldwork was conducted with the authorisation and under the auspices of the Provincial Direction of Museums and Cultural Heritage of the Secretary of Culture, government of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina.