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Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the major low-molecular weight antioxidant in mammalian cells. Thus, its analogues carrying similar and/or additional positive properties might have clinical perspectives. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a library of tetrapeptidic GSH analogues called UPF peptides. Compared to cellular GSH our designed peptidic analogues showed remarkably higher hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (EC50 of GSH: 1231.0 ± 311.8 μM; EC50 of UPF peptides: from 0.03 to 35 μM) and improved antiradical efficiency towards a stable α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The best of UPF peptides was 370-fold effective hydroxyl radical scavengers than melatonin (EC50: 11.4 ± 1.0 μM). We also found that UPF peptides do not influence the viability and membrane integrity of K562 human erythroleukemia cells even at 200 μM concentration. Dimerization of GSH and UPF peptides was compared in water and in 0.9% saline solutions. The results, together with an earlier finding that UPF1 showed protective effects in global cerebral ischemia model in rats, suggest that UPF peptides might serve both as potent antioxidants as well as leads for design of powerful non-peptidic antioxidants that correct oxidative stress-driven events.
| Abbreviations | ||
| DCC | = | dicyclohexylcarbodiimide |
| DCM | = | dichloromethane |
| DIEA | = | N,N-diisopropylethylamine |
| DMF | = | N,N-dimethylformamide |
| DMSO | = | dimethylsulphoxide |
| DPPH√ | = | α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl |
| EDT | = | 1,2-ethanedithiol |
| EMS | = | ethylmethylsulfide |
| Fmoc | = | 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl |
| GGT | = | γ-glutamyltransferase |
| GSH | = | reduced (monomeric) form of glutathione |
| GSSG | = | oxidized (dimeric) form glutathione |
| GST | = | glutathione S-transferase |
| HF | = | hydrofluoric acid |
| HKR | = | HEPES-buffered Krebs-Ringer solution |
| HOBt | = | 1-hydroxybenzotriazole |
| LDH | = | lactate dehydrogenase |
| MALDI-TOF | = | matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight |
| MAP | = | model amphipathic peptide |
| MBHA | = | 4-methylbenzhydrylamine |
| MTX | = | methotrexate |
| TBTU | = | 2-(1H-benzsotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate |
| tert-Boc | = | tert-butyloxycarbonyl |
| TFA | = | trifluoroacetic acid |
| THA | = | terephthalic acid |
| TIS | = | triisopropylsilane |
| UPFs | = | UPF peptides |
| Abbreviations | ||
| DCC | = | dicyclohexylcarbodiimide |
| DCM | = | dichloromethane |
| DIEA | = | N,N-diisopropylethylamine |
| DMF | = | N,N-dimethylformamide |
| DMSO | = | dimethylsulphoxide |
| DPPH√ | = | α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl |
| EDT | = | 1,2-ethanedithiol |
| EMS | = | ethylmethylsulfide |
| Fmoc | = | 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl |
| GGT | = | γ-glutamyltransferase |
| GSH | = | reduced (monomeric) form of glutathione |
| GSSG | = | oxidized (dimeric) form glutathione |
| GST | = | glutathione S-transferase |
| HF | = | hydrofluoric acid |
| HKR | = | HEPES-buffered Krebs-Ringer solution |
| HOBt | = | 1-hydroxybenzotriazole |
| LDH | = | lactate dehydrogenase |
| MALDI-TOF | = | matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight |
| MAP | = | model amphipathic peptide |
| MBHA | = | 4-methylbenzhydrylamine |
| MTX | = | methotrexate |
| TBTU | = | 2-(1H-benzsotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate |
| tert-Boc | = | tert-butyloxycarbonyl |
| TFA | = | trifluoroacetic acid |
| THA | = | terephthalic acid |
| TIS | = | triisopropylsilane |
| UPFs | = | UPF peptides |