A mini-review on gene delivery technique using nanoparticles-mediated photoporation induced by nanosecond pulsed laser

Abstract

Nanosecond pulsed laser induced photoporation has gained increasing attention from scholars as an effective method for delivering the membrane-impermeable extracellular materials into living cells. Compared with femtosecond laser, nanosecond laser has the advantage of high throughput and low costs. It also has a higher delivery efficiency than continuous wave laser. Here, we provide an extensive overview of current status of nanosecond pulsed laser induced photoporation, covering the photoporation mechanism as well as various factors that impact the delivery efficiency of photoporation. Additionally, we discuss various techniques for achieving photoporation, such as direct photoporation, nanoparticles-mediated photoporation and plasmonic substrates mediated photoporation. Among these techniques, nanoparticles-mediated photoporation is the most promising approach for potential clinical application. Studies have already been reported to safely destruct the vitreous opacities in vivo by nanosecond laser induced vapor nanobubble. Finally, we discuss the potential of nanosecond laser induced phototoporation for future clinical applications, particularly in the areas of skin and ophthalmic pathologies. We hope this review can inspire scientists to further improve nanosecond laser induced photoporation and facilitate its eventual clinical application.

Keywords:

• Drug delivery
• photoporation
• nanosecond pulsed laser
• nanobubble

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Ethical approval

No animals or humans were involved in this work and hence no need of ethical approval.

Author contributions

Conceptualization, Rongqian Wu and Cuiping Yao; Writing-original draft preparation, Xiaofan Du, Meng Zhao, Le Jiang, Lihui Pang; Writing-review and editing, Xiaofan Du, Meng Zhao, Jing Wang and Yi Lv; Funding acquisition, Rongqian Wu. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Additional information

Funding

This research was supported by Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi [2022ZDLSF04-09]. The Innovation Capacity Support Plan of Shaanxi Province [2020TD-040]. Institutional Foundation of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University [2021ZYTS-15].