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Research Article

Predator types, urbanization, and tree cover drive top-down control of herbivorous and carnivorous preys in an urban agroecosystem

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Pages 158-168 | Received 04 May 2023, Accepted 29 Jul 2023, Published online: 07 Aug 2023
 

ABSTRACT

Prey-predator interactions hold significant importance, widely acknowledged as crucial processes within ecosystems. Yet, there is a scarcity of empirical data that effectively illustrates the influence of urbanization on such interactions. We performed a common garden experiment utilizing 1250 clay models to assess the predation risks faced by herbivorous and carnivorous prey in an urban agroecosystem in the southern Philippines. Our findings revealed significant differences in attack risks between the trophic levels, with herbivorous caterpillars (n = 246; 53.25%) experiencing higher predation rates compared to carnivorous lizards (n = 216; 46.75%). Interestingly, while the trophic level of the prey did not directly predict predation risk, the presence of predators showed significant effects. Arthropods emerged as the dominant predators of herbivorous prey compared to other predators, whereas mammalian predators predominantly attacked carnivorous prey. The landscape variable also had a strong influence on the risk of predation. We found that increasing tree cover was significantly related to increased predation risk, while built-up showed the opposite. Our research findings support the ‘increasing disturbance hypothesis’, suggesting that rising urbanization rates reduce predator diversity, resulting in a decrease and loss of predation pressure.

Résumé

Les interactions proie-prédateur sont largement considérées comme l’un des processus écologiques les plus importants. Pourtant, il existe une quantité limitée de données empiriques démontrant l’influence de l’urbanisation sur ces interactions. Nous avons réalisé une expérience en jardin en utilisant 1250 modèles en argile pour évaluer les risques de prédation de deux niveaux trophiques de proies au sein d’un agroécosystème urbain dans le sud des Philippines. Nos résultats ont révélé que les risques d’attaque différaient significativement entre les niveaux trophiques et étaient plus élevés chez les chenilles herbivores (n = 246; 53,25%) que chez les proies carnivores (n = 216; 46,75%). Bien que le niveau trophique des proies n’ait pas prédit le risque de prédation, la présence de prédateurs a montré des effets significatifs. Les arthropodes étaient les prédateurs dominants parmi les proies herbivores, tandis que les mammifères attaquaient principalement les proies carnivores. La variable du paysage avait également une forte influence sur le risque de prédation. Nous avons constaté qu’une augmentation de la couverture végétale était significativement liée à un risque accru de prédation, tandis que les zones bâties montraient l’effet inverse. Nos résultats de recherche soutiennent l’hypothèse dite ‘d’augmentation des perturbations’, suggérant que l’urbanisation croissante réduit la diversité des prédateurs, entraînant une diminution et une perte de pression de prédation.

Acknowledgments

We thank the anonymous reviewers and the editor for their encouraging and insightful comments that significantly improved the quality of the manuscript. We would like to thank Efren Magulama, Director of the University of Southern Mindanao Agricultural Research and Development Center (USMARDC) for the permission to perform the experiment in the USMARDC vicinity.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationship that could be construed as a potential conflict of interests.

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