Thirty-degree optical system for laparoscopic training

Abstract

The training systems used by starting laparoscopic surgeons for visual and motor adaptation employ zero-degree optics. However, as new laparoscopic surgery techniques make such optics obsolete, there is a need to design training and adaptation tools with other optics.

• Training
• laparoscopic training
• 30° training
• low-cost training
• new optic for training