Cost-effectiveness analysis of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate for hyperkalemia among patients with chronic kidney disease or heart failure in Kuwait

Abstract

Introduction

Our model was conducted from Kuwaiti payer’s perspective to provide evidence on the cost-effectiveness of Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC) versus patiromer to correct and maintain serum potassium (K+) in combination with renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASis) with different dose titration in patients with chronic kidney disease/heart failure (CKD/HF) with/without renal replacement therapy (RRT).

Methodology

The model was developed as a patient-level, fixed-time increment stochastic simulation to simulate the complexity of disease, including multiple coexisting and competing conditional risks. This model was established to compare SZC versus patiromer as a treatment for hyperkalemia (HK) among adult populations with underlying conditions of advanced CKD stages 3a–5 or HF to correct and maintain serum K + over a lifetime horizon. The clinical outcomes of SZC and patiromer were demonstrated through arm-specific K + trajectories extracted from the HARMONIZE trial and OPAL-HK trial, respectively. The utility data was captured from different studies. Direct medical cost was captured from local data from Kuwaiti hospitals. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the uncertainty in the model.

Results

Within different scenarios of CKD/HF, SZC was a cost-saving option, with/without RRT, whether one-off administration or repeated administration, except for one-off treatment administration among the HF cohort, which generated an incremental cost effectiveness ratio of KWD 331/quality adjusted life year (QALY). The incremental QALY of SZC ranged from 0.007 to 0.202. In addition, the savings observed with SZC fall within a range of KWD −60 to KWD −1,235 at serum K+ ≥ 5.1 mmol/L.

Conclusion

The evidence generated by our model recommends the inclusion of SZC as a treatment option to correct HK and maintain normal serum K + level for CKD/HF patients within the Kuwaiti healthcare system. The costs saved from reducing frequent HK episodes, RAASis discontinuation/down titration, major cardiovascular events, and hospitalization offset the drug acquisition cost of SZC.

Keywords:

• Chronic kidney disease
• heart failure
• cost-effectiveness analysis
• sodium zirconium cyclosilicate

JEL Classification Codes:

• C52
• C5
• C
• E47
• E4
• E

Transparency

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Declaration of financial/other relationships

GE was employed by HTA Office, LLC. GE was a speaker in different pharmaceutical companies. The authors declare that the fund received was for the submission and the open access publication fees. The authors have no other financial relationships to disclose.

Author contributions

GE: conducting the analysis and writing the manuscript. MI: Collection and interpretation of data, and revision of manuscript. KA and AA: retrieving data, local clinical practice validation and writing the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge Mariam Elattar for the writing assistance utilized in the production of this manuscript.

Reviewer disclosures

Peer reviewers on this manuscript have no relevant financial or other relationships to disclose.

Additional information

Funding

This study was funded by AstraZeneca, Emirates, with no involvement in the study design, analysis, interpretation of results or manuscript writing.