Implicit bias: repression, denial, or what?

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Notes

(1) Oxford Languages, bias definition – Google Search.

(2) See Breuer and Freud (1895). Studies on Hysteria. Standard Edition, Volume 2. London: Vintage The Hogarth Press

(3) Altman (2010) The analyst in the inner city: Race, class, and culture through a psychoanalytic lens. (2d edit.) Routledge Press, Inc. Chapter 5, Psychoanalysis in Black and White. Routledge Press New York.

(4) Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4

(5) Id.

(6) Stoute and Slevin (2023) ‘The Trauma of Racism: Lessons from the Therapeutic Encounter’. Chapter 2, Race and Racism in Psychoanalytic Thought, From Stoute, B., The Ghosts in Our Nursery,2d Edition.

(7) Frosh (2005) Hate and the Jewish Science. Antisemitism, Nazism and Psychoanalysis. Palgrave. MacMillan.

(8) See e.g. A Growing Number of State Courts Are Confronting Unconscious Racism In Jury Selection | The. Marshall Project Accessed at www.themarshallproject.org/2020/05/11/a-growing-number-of-state-courts-are-confronting-unconscious-racism-in-jury-selection (2020)

(9) See implicit bias jury instruction, accessed at https://www.nycourts.gov/judges/cji/1General/CJI2d.Implicit_Bias.pdf

(10) Altman (2010) The analyst in the inner city: Race, class, and culture through a psychoanalytic lens. (2d edit.) Analytic Press, Inc. Chapter 5, Psychoanalysis in Black and White. Routledge Press New York.

(11) Rasmussen and Garran (2020) Inside Out and Outside In: Psychodynamic Clinical Theory and Psychopathology in Contemporary Multicultural Contexts: Psychodynamic contributions to understanding racism: Implications for clinical practice. J. Berzoff, L. M. Flanagan, & P. Hertz (Eds.), Rowman & Amp; Littlefield. Chapter 11. Psychodynamic Contributions to Understanding Racism: Implications for Clinical Practice. @page 219.

(12) Rustin (1991) The Good Society and the Inner World. Chapter 3.

Psychoanalysis, Racism and Anti-Racism.@ page 98.

(13) see Brewster, F. Wheel of Fire: The African American Dreamer and Cultural Consciousness 70–87 | Published online: 06 Mar 2013 Accessed at https://doi.org/10.1080/19342039.2013.759074

(14) Orenstein and Lewis (2022) Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556096/

(15) Fletchman Smith (2011) Transcending the Legacies of Slavery- A Psychoanalytic View. Routledge Press. Chapter 3. Slavery and Psychological Trauma., @page 22.

(16) Weisbuch et al. (2009). The Subtle Transmission of Race Bias via Televised Nonverbal Behavior Science. 2009 Dec 18; 326(5960): 1711–1714.

(17) Castelli et al. (2008 Learning Social Attitudes: Children’s Sensitivity to the Nonverbal Behaviors of Adult Models During Interracial Interactions. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol 34, Issue 11. Accessed at https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208322769

(18) Rustin (1991) The Good Society and the Inner World. Chapter 3. Psychoanalysis, Racism and Anti-Racism @page 67.

(19) Kovel (1970) White Racism: A Psychohistory. Pantheon Books. Chapter 4. The Fantasies of Race.@ page 54.

(20) Longshore (1979) Color connotations and racial attitudes. Journal of Black Studies Vol. 10, No. 2 (Dec., 1979), pp. 183–197 Accessed at https://www.jstor.org/stable/2784327

(21) Golden, K.B. (2021) White Privilege: Unconscious Racism, Freud, and Neuroscience of Implicit Bias. Critical Philosophy of Race (2021) 9 (2): 295. Accessed @ https://philpapers.org/rec/GOLWP-2

(22) Costa (2017). Denial (Defense Mechanism). In: Zeigler-Hill, V., Shackelford, T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer, Cham. Accessed @ https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1373–1

(23) Id.

(24) Yi, J., Neville, H.A., Todd, N. R. & Mekawi, Y. (2022) Ignoring Race and Denying Racism: A Meta-Analysis of the Associations Between Colorblind Racial Ideology, Anti-Blackness, and Other Variables Antithetical to Racial Justice (apa.org) Accessed @ https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/cou-cou0000618.pdf

(25) See.

(26) Altman (2010) The analyst in the inner city: Race, class, and culture through a psychoanalytic lens. (2d edit.) Analytic Press, Inc. Chapter 5, Psychoanalysis in Black and White. Routledge Press New York. @ page 130

(27) Krickel (n.d. ‘Are the States Underlying Implicit Biases Unconscious? – A Neo-FreudianAnswer’. Accessed at http://philpapers.org/archive/KRIATS.pdf

(28) Saleem, F.T., Anderson, R.E., & Williams, M. (2019)Addressing the ‘Myth’ of Racial Trauma: Developmental and Ecological Considerations for Youth of Color Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2020 Mar; 23(1): 1–14. Accessed @ doi: 10.1007/s10567-019 -00,304-1

(29) Calvo, L. (2017) E Racial fantasies and the primal scene of miscegenation. 89 International J. of Psychoanalysis. Vol 1. Pages 55–70. Accessed @ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1745–8315.2007.00001.x

(30) Altman (2010) The analyst in the inner city: Race, class, and culture through a psychoanalytic lens. (2d edit.) Analytic Press, Inc. Chapter 5, Psychoanalysis in Black and White. Routledge Press New York. @ Page 141

(31) Golden, K.B.(2021) White Privilege: Unconscious Racism, Freud, and Neuroscience of Implicit Bias. Critical Philosophy of Race (2021) 9 (2): 295. Accessed @ https://philpapers.org/rec/GOLWP-2

(32) Altman (2010) The analyst in the inner city: Race, class, and culture through a psychoanalytic lens. (2d edit.) Analytic Press, Inc. Chapter 5, Psychoanalysis in Black and White. Routledge Press New York. @ page 142

(33) Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4

(34) Kovel (1970) White Racism: A Psychohistory. Pantheon Books. Chapter 4. The Fantasies of Race.@ page 54–55

(35) Merino, Y., Adams, L., & Hall, W. (2018) Implicit Bias and Mental Health Professionals: Priorities and Directions for Research Psychiatric Services Vol 69, Issue 6, June 2018. Accessed @ https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201700294

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Sheldon Siporin

Sheldon Siporin is adjunct Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology, Pace University, New York, N.Y., USA.