Incidence, mechanisms, and patterns of fetal cerebral lesions in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome

Abstract

Objective. To determine the incidence of fetal cerebral lesions and their characteristics in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS).

Design and setting. This was a retrospective analysis at a single center for the period 1999 to 2004 in which 299 cases of severe TTTS at 15–28 weeks of gestation were reviewed.

Methods. Only cerebral injuries diagnosed during pregnancy or ischemic lesions diagnosed within the first week of life were considered in order to exclude those related to prematurity. We only included cases resulting in at least one survivor at one week after delivery, as well as fetuses that were terminated because of severe cerebral abnormalities. We excluded all fetuses delivered at <24 weeks of gestation that died prior to undergoing postnatal cranial ultrasonography. The main outcome measures were fetal cerebral lesions, intrauterine death, survival, and neonatal death.

Results. Two hundred and ninety-nine pregnancies were evaluated. Three hundred and fifteen fetuses were reviewed. Cerebral abnormalities developed antenatally in 26/315 fetuses (8.25%). All lesions but one were diagnosed prenatally. Prenatal diagnosis of these lesions was achieved primarily by ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in 20/25 (80%) and in 5/25 (20%) fetuses, respectively. Cerebral abnormalities developed following primary laser coagulation in 12/222 (5.40%), following serial amnioreduction in 9/66 (13.63%), and following expectant management in 3/14 (21.4%) fetuses. Abnormalities developed after single intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) in 14 cases.

Conclusions. Cerebral morbidity in TTTS mainly occurs following vascular disruptive lesions. Both donors and recipients are at risk of developing either ischemic or hemorrhagic lesions. The risk of developing cerebral lesions in single survivors is significantly lower following laser treatment. Combined use of a targeted US and fetal MRI could detect most cerebral abnormalities antenatally. Timing of the triggering event is critical for planning serial US and MRI follow-up examinations.

Keywords:

• Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
• fetal cerebral lesions
• intrauterine death
• hemorrhage
• ischemia
• ultrasound
• MRI
• amnioreduction
• laser
• fetoscopy