Etiology of stillbirth at term: a 10-year cohort study

Abstract

Objective. To examine etiological factors contributing to cases of intrauterine fetal demise in term pregnancies over a 10-year period.

Methods. This was a retrospective cohort analysis of 29 908 term (37⁺⁰ to 41⁺⁶ weeks gestation) infants delivering in a single tertiary-referral university institution over the 10-year period from 1996 to 2005. Cases of stillbirth were identified from a computerized hospital database, and pathological, clinical, and biochemical data were reviewed for all cases. Trends were analyzed using the Cusick test for trend. Categorical data were analyzed using the Fisher's exact test, with the 5% level considered significant.

Results. The incidence of intrauterine fetal demise at term was 1.8 per 1000 at-risk pregnancies. There was no significant downward trend in the rate of term stillbirth between 1996 and 2005 (p = 0.0808). Stillbirths were unexplained in 51% of cases, although in many cases a possible etiological factor was identified but not necessarily proven. There was a significant downward trend in the incidence of unexplained term stillbirths at our institution over the 10-year study period (p = 0.0105). Placental/cord factors accounted for 25% of term stillbirths and did not decrease significantly over the study period (p = 0.0953). Almost 50% of term stillbirths occurred in women who registered late or had no antenatal care. However, suboptimal antenatal care was not predictive of differences in either acceptance of perinatal postmortem or successful identification of stillbirth etiology.

Conclusions. The incidence of stillbirth at term is 2 per 1000 term pregnancies and has not changed significantly in the past 10 years. Almost 50% of term stillbirths occurred in women with suboptimal antenatal care. More than half of cases are unexplained, often resulting from an incomplete diagnostic work-up. Despite this, there has been a significant downward trend in the rates of unexplained stillbirth at term. It is imperative that a complete diagnostic work-up is performed in cases of term stillbirth, to minimize the incidence of unexplained stillbirth.

Keywords:

• Stillbirth
• term pregnancy
• intrauterine fetal demise
• etiology
• cord accident