Impact of labor induction at 39 weeks gestation compared with expectant management on maternal and perinatal morbidity among a cohort of low-risk women

Abstract

Objective

To determine maternal and perinatal outcomes after induction of labor (IOL) at 39 weeks compared with expectant management.

Methods

This is a retrospective national cohort study from the National Center for Health Statistics birth database. The study included singleton, low-risk pregnancies with a non-anomalous fetus delivered at 39–42 weeks gestation between 2015 and 2018. Maternal outcomes available included chorioamnionitis (Triple I), blood transfusion, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, uterine rupture, cesarean delivery (CD), and cesarean hysterectomy. Fetal and infant outcomes included stillbirth, 5-min Apgar ≤3, prolonged ventilation, seizures, ICU admission, and death within 28 days. We compared women undergoing IOL at 39 weeks to those managed expectantly. Non-adjusted and adjusted relative risks (aRRs) were estimated using multivariate log-binomial regression analysis.

Results

There were 15,900,956 births available for review of which 5,017,524 met inclusion and exclusion criteria. For the maternal outcomes, the IOL group was less likely to require a CD (aRR 0.880; 95% CI [0.874–0.886]; p value < .01) or develop Triple I (aRR 0.714; 95% CI [0.698–0.730]; p value < .01) but demonstrated a small increase in the cesarean hysterectomy rate (aRR 1.231; 95% CI [1.029–1.472]; p value < .01). Among perinatal outcomes, the stillbirth rate (aRR 0.195; 95% CI [0.153–0.249]; p value < .01), 5-min Apgar ≤3 (aRR 0.684; 95% CI [0.647–0.723]; p value < .01), prolonged ventilation (aRR 0.840; 95% CI [0.800–0.883]; p value < .01), neonatal intensive care (NICU) admission (aRR 0.862; 95% CI [0.849–0.875]; p value < .01) were lower after 39 week IOL compared with expectant management. There were no differences in risk for neonatal seizures (aRR 0.848; 95% CI [0.718–1.003]; p value 0.011) or death (aRR 1.070; 95% CI [0.722–1.586]; p value 0.660).

Conclusions

IOL at 39 weeks of gestation in a low-risk cohort is associated with a lower risk of CD and maternal infection, stillbirth, and lower neonatal morbidity. There was no effect on the risk for neonatal seizures or death.

Keywords:

• Induction of labor
• expectant management
• 39 weeks gestation
• maternal morbidity
• neonatal morbidity

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the National Center for Health Statistics and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Division of Vital Statistics for the creation and maintenance of this freely accessible database.

Disclosure statement

The authors report no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.