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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

The human auditory system: A timeline of development

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Pages 460-478 | Received 12 Mar 2007, Published online: 07 Jul 2009
 

Abstract

This review traces the structural maturation of the human auditory system, and compares the timeline of anatomical development with cotemporaneous physiological and behavioral events. During the embryonic period, there is formation of basic structure at all levels of the system, i.e. the inner ear, the brainstem pathway, and the cortex. The second trimester is a time of rapid growth and development, and by the end of this period, the cochlea has acquired a very adult-like configuration. During the perinatal period, the brainstem reaches a mature state, and brainstem activity is reflected in behavioral responses to sound, including phonetic discrimination, and in evoked brainstem and early middle latency responses. The perinatal period is also the time of peak development of brainstem input to the cortex through the marginal layer, and of the long latency cortical potentials, the N2 and mismatch negativity. In early childhood, from the sixth post-natal month to age five, there is progressive maturation of the thalamic projections to the cortex and of the longer latency Pa and P1 evoked potentials. Later childhood, from six to twelve years, is the time of maturation of the superficial cortical layers and their intracortical connections, accompanied by appearance of the N1 potential and improved linguistic discriminative abilities. Some consideration is given to the potential negative effects of deafness-induced sound deprivation during the perinatal period and childhood.

Abbreviations
ABR=

Auditory brainstem response

CEP=

Cortical evoked potential

DPOAE=

Distortion product otoacoustic emission

fMRI=

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

MLR=

Middle latency response

MMN=

Mismatch negativity

Abbreviations
ABR=

Auditory brainstem response

CEP=

Cortical evoked potential

DPOAE=

Distortion product otoacoustic emission

fMRI=

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

MLR=

Middle latency response

MMN=

Mismatch negativity

Sumario

Esta revisión recorre la maduración estructural del sistema auditivo humano, y compara la evolución en el tiempo del desarrollo anatómico con los eventos fisiológicos y conductuales contemporáneos. Durante el período embrionario ocurre la formación de las estructuras básicas del sistema a todos los niveles, p.e., el oído interno, las vías del tallo cerebral, y la corteza. El segundo trimestre es un tiempo de rápido crecimiento y desarrollo, y hacia el final de este período, la cóclea ha adquirido una configuración muy similar a la del adulto. Durante el período perinatal, el tallo cerebral alcanza un estado maduro, y su actividad se refleja en una respuesta conductual al sonido, incluyendo la discriminación fonética y la presencia de respuestas evocadas tempranas y de latencia media del tallo cerebral. El período perinatal es también el momento de máximo desarrollo de la estimulación del tallo cerebral hacia la corteza a través de la capa marginal, y de los potenciales corticales de latencia tardía, la N2 de la negatividad desigual. En la niñez temprana, del sexto mes post-natal a los cinco años de edad, existe una maduración progresiva de las proyecciones talámicas hacia la corteza y de los potenciales evocados Pa y P1 de mayor latencia. La niñez tardía, de los seis a los doce años, es el tiempo de maduración de las capas corticales superficiales y de sus conexiones intracorticales, acompañado de la aparición del potencial N1 y una capacidad discriminatoria lingüística mejorada. Se le otorga alguna consideración a los efectos negativos de la sordera inducida por deprivación auditiva durante el período perinatal y la niñez.

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