Panmasala Chewing Induces Deterioration in Oral Health and Its Implications in Carcinogenesis

ABSTRACT

Panmasala containing tobacco was introduced in the Indian market during the 1970s. Panmasala consists of areca nut (betel nut), catechu, lime, cardamom, spices, and unspecified flavoring agents, etc., with tobacco locally known as gutkha or without tobacco (Plain or sada), and consumed abundantly in India and also other parts of the world, predominantly in South East Asian countries. Available studies demonstrate that the habits of chewing panmasala gutkha or plain by students and adolesescents are on the increase, which may lead to deterioration of oral health and other organ systems. Based on the experimental as well as clinical studies available on panmasala as well as on different components of panmasala, this review suggests that it has the potential in causation of various oral diseases such as Oral Sub Mucosis Fibrosis (OSMF) and leucoplakia which may lead to oral cancer. Studies reviewed on these chewing mixtures also reveal that it is likely to be carcinogenic, as tobacco and areca nut have carcinogenic potential and both have encompassing addictive potential leading to dependence on chewing mixture containing areca nut and tobacco. These mixtures might not only lead to cancer but may also affect other organs of the body, including oral hard tissues in the form of dental attrition and sensitivity. There is a need to consider the potential health hazards associated with the habits of these products, especially oral cancer. More research is needed to find out early changes which could be reversible and also intervention measures through education to desist people in indulging in such habits.

KEYWORDS:

• Areca nut
• Tobacco
• OSMF
• Leucoplakia
• Panmasala
• Dental attrition
• Carcinogenicity
• Mutagenecity

The author is thankful to the Officer In-charge, National Institute of Occupational Health Ahmedabad, India, for his support. The author is also thankful to DST, New Delhi, India, for financial assistance in the form of a research grant for an experimental study.