Trends in dextromethorphan cough and cold products: 2000–2015 National Poison Data System intentional abuse exposure calls

Abstract

Context: Recent restrictions in access to and availability of dextromethorphan (DXM) cough and cold medications may correlate with changes in abuse exposures.

Objective: To extend and update existing knowledge about DXM abuse, we describe recent trends and patterns of calls to poison control centers involving DXM abuse, by demographics, geography, common brands, and medical outcomes.

Methods: We utilized data from the National Poison Data System (NPDS) maintained by the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC), which captures data on calls to U.S. poison centers on a near real-time basis. We analyzed demographic, geographic, brand and medical outcome data for single-substance DXM cough and cold product intentional abuse exposure calls in multiple age groups reported to NPDS from 2000 to 2015.

Results: The annual rate of single-substance DXM intentional abuse calls tripled from 2000 to 2006 and subsequently plateaued from 2006 to 2015. The highest abuse call rate was observed among adolescents 14–17 years old, where the mean annual number of calls was 1761 per year, corresponding to an annual rate of 103.6 calls per million population. From 2006 to 2015, the rate for single-substance DXM abuse calls among adolescents 14–17 years decreased by 56.3%, from 143.8 to 80.9 calls per million population.

Conclusion: DXM intentional abuse exposure call rates have declined among adolescents 14–17 years, since their peak in 2006. The observed decline in DXM abuse call rates corresponds to a period of growing public health efforts to curtail the abuse of over-the-counter (OTC) DXM containing products, particularly among adolescents. Further evaluation of state-level sales and abuse trends among adolescents would be valuable to better understand how restricted availability of OTC DXM cough and cold products and other efforts may affect abuse rates.

Keywords:

• Dextromethorphan
• cough and cold medication
• AAPCC
• intentional abuse
• adolescents

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Yanling Zhao, a former ORIS fellow at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology Review (OSE), Office of Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology (OPE), for her contribution with analyses.

Disclosure statement

The opinions and view expressed in this article are the authors’ alone. The authors report no declarations of interest.

Additional information

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.