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ABSTRACT
The requirement for heated water in residential buildings demands a substantial amount of energy. To accomplish the objective of conserving costly energy, an effective water heating technology is important. Solar water heater is a technically viable and economically efficient solar thermal technology in terms of installation and long-term operational cost. Many nations are presently utilizing this technology extensively for both domestic and commercial purposes. Because of its simple design, ease of installation, operation, and lower maintenance, flat plate solar collectors (FPSCs) are commonly employed in water heating applications than other solar collector. In order to increase the efficiency and thermal performance of FPSCs, several approaches and techniques have been adopted using design modifications of absorber and glazing. These modifications are associated with selectively coating on absorber plate, absorber material, absorber design modification, coating of glazing, number of glazing arrangement, glazing material, spacing between glazing etc. Furthermore, the research gap and recommended possible enhancements for future work have been provided, which is expected to help researchers in furthering the advancement of this technology.
Nomenclature
| Ac | = | Area of the solar collector (m2) |
| Cp | = | Specific heat of HTF (kJ/kg-K) |
| FR | = | Heat removal factor |
| Gt | = | Entire sun radiation intensity (W/m2) |
| m | = | Mass flow rate of HTF, (kg/s) |
| Qin | = | Solar collector acknowledges the sun’s radiation strength (W) |
| Qt | = | Transmission of energy from a solar coil to a tank (W) |
| Quse | = | The useable energy that the solar collector acquired (W) |
| Ta | = | Ambient temperature (oC) |
| Tavg | = | Average temperature of collector (oC) |
| Tfluid, in | = | Temperature of the fluid when it enters the collector (oC) |
| Tfluid, out | = | Temperature of the fluid when it leaves the collector (oC) |
| TScoil, in | = | The solar coil’s inlet temperature (oC) |
| TScoil, out | = | The solar coil’s outlet temperature (oC) |
| UL : Total collector heat loss coefficient, (W/m2-K) | = | Total collector heat loss coefficient, (W/m2-K) |
| Greek Symbols | = | |
| α | = | Absorption coefficient of plate |
| ηcoll | = | Collector efficiency |
| ηsys | = | System efficiency |
| τ | = | Transmission efficiency of glazing |
| Subscripts | = | |
| a | = | Ambient |
| aux | = | Auxiliary |
| coll | = | Collector |
| in | = | Input |
| out | = | Output |
| s coil | = | Solar coil |
| sol | = | Solar |
| sys | = | System |
| Abbreviations | = | |
| avg | = | Average |
| TW | = | Tera Watt |
| RE | = | Renewable Energy |
| FPSC | = | Flat plate solar collector |
| FPSWH | = | Flat plate solar water heater |
| HTF | = | Heat transfer fluid |
| MFR | = | Mass flow rate |
| SWH | = | Solar water heater |
| SWHS | = | Solar water heating system |
| TE | = | Thermal efficiency |
Acknowledgements
For providing the resources for this paper, the authors are extremely grateful to UTD CSVTU Bhilai (C.G.). We also like to express our gratitude to all the researchers whose work was referenced or utilized.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).