https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-3609
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ABSTRACT
The energy standard in buildings depends on reducing energy consumption and saving energy. Therefore, enhancing the energy efficiency of buildings may be achieved by low-energy passive or hybrid systems. In this study, a passive and hybrid system is designed, and electrical energy generation is provided by a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel and wind turbine (WT). Moreover, the Trombe Wall (TW) is used as a passive system for heating the building, and solar collectors are used to provide hot water for the building. According to the results of the analysis, the total annual energy production from PV solar panels and WT is 15.968 kWh and 2832.4 kWh, respectively. Furthermore, it is estimated that the PV solar panel system will provide an average annual financial saving of 81.62%, and the investment cost of the WT will pay for itself in approximately 4 years. The results showed that the amount of electrical energy obtained from WT and PV solar panels is significantly increased by using clean and renewable energy sources in the designed system. Considering these results, the total annual energy production for the system is a good indication that grid-connected system installations in Osmaniye, which is located in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey, are applicable energy solutions for other areas and government buildings.
Nomenclature
| A | = | Total area of construction elements (m2) |
| AD1 | = | Area of the outer wall (m2) |
| AP | = | Area of window (m2) |
| Ai | = | Total window area in the “i” direction (m2) |
| AT | = | Area of roof (m2) |
| At | = | Area of floor/covering (m2) |
| ATW | = | Area of the TW (m2) |
| c | = | Specific heat of air (J/kgK) |
| gi,month | = | Solar energy transmission factor of transparent elements in the direction “i” |
| Ii,month | = | Monthly average solar radiation intensity from steep surfaces in the “i” direction (W/m2) |
| R | = | Thermal conductivity resistance (m2K/W) |
| Ri | = | Thermal conductivity of the inner surface (m2K/W) |
| Re | = | Thermal conductivity of the outer surface (m2K/W) |
| ri,month | = | Monthly average shading factor of transparent surfaces toward “i” |
| Td,month | = | Monthly average outdoor temperature (oC) |
| Ti,month | = | Monthly average indoor temperature (oC) |
| UD1 | = | Thermal conductivity coefficient of outer wall (W/m2K) |
| UP | = | Thermal conductivity coefficient of the window (W/m2K) |
| UT | = | Thermal conductivity coefficient of the roof (W/m2K) |
| Ut | = | Thermal conductivity coefficient of the floor/covering (W/m2K) |
| UTW | = | Thermal conductivity coefficient of TW (W/m2K) |
| V | = | Total volume of air (m3) |
| ρ | = | Density of air (kg/m3) |
| Qg,month | = | Monthly average solar energy gain (W) |
| Qi,month | = | Monthly average internal gain (W) |
| Abbreviations | = | |
| FPSC | = | Flat plate solar collector |
| PV | = | Photovoltaic |
| TPR | = | Thermal Permeability Resistance |
| TW | = | Trombe Wall |
| WT | = | Wind Turbine |
Acknowledgements
The authors are greatly thankful to Osmaniye Korkut Ata University. The first named author Bulut HÜNER thanks the Turkish Higher Education Institution YÖK 100/2000 Ph.D. Scholarship Program and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey for their scholarships under the “2211-C Priority Areas Ph.D. Scholarship Program (grant number 1649B032000098).” Bulut Hüner also thanks the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for their scholarships under the “2250 Graduate Scholarships Performance Program”. The authors would like to thank Denizhan Özer and Erbay Ersoy for their helpful advice on various technical.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Author contributions
All authors have contributed to the study from conceptualization, data gathering, analysis, and interpretation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Bulut Hüner
Bulut Hüner is currently a lecturer at Osmaniye Korkut Ata University. He received his first bachelor's degree in Energy Systems Engineering from Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Turkey in 2014. In 2017, he was awarded his master's degree in Energy Systems Engineering from the same university. He received his Ph.D. degree in 2023 at Erciyes University on the development of gas diffusion electrodes for oxygen evolution reactions in PEM electrolyzers. He is a member of the Erciyes University Hydrogen Energy Research Group (H2FC). He does research in PEM electrolyzers, HER/OER electrodes, Hydrogen Production, Electrochemistry, and 3D printing methods.
Esra Telli
Esra Telli is currently an Associate Professor at Osmaniye Korkut Ata University of Energy System Engineering. She received his first bachelor’s degree in chemistry from Çukurova University, Turkey in 2003. In 2005, she was awarded his master’s degree in chemistry from the same university. She received the Ph.D. degree in Chemistry from Çukurova University, Turkey in 2011. Her research interest is mainly in the areas of renewable energy, hydrogen energy, hydrogen production, energy storage, and electrochemical energy conversion.