Factors related to suicide’s unpredictability: a qualitative study of adults with lived experience of suicide attempts

ABSTRACT

Purpose: In recent decades, suicide prevention initiatives have increased substantially, yet the suicide rate has continued to rise, and suicide deaths are still generally perceived as unexpected. This study sought to identify factors that might account for this discrepancy by focusing on the exhibition of suicide warning signs.

Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 15 adults [mean age = 36 (SD = 14), 93% female] who had attempted suicide at least once in their lifetime.

Results: A disconnect between participants and their environment emerged as a central theme. Many expressed ambivalence about whether they wanted others to intervene before their attempts, resulting in either expression or inhibition of warning signs. Regardless of whether they wanted their attempt to be predictable, most participants expressed disappointment if they perceived a lack of intervention before their attempt. In some cases, this disappointment exacerbated distress and may have contributed to the attempt itself. Participants also expressed difficulty disclosing their suicidal ideation to others. Thus, even if they wanted help, participants were unsure how to effectively attain it.

Conclusions: Findings underscore the complexity of predicting and preventing suicide; however, engaging individuals with lived experience in these efforts facilitates greater understanding toward outreach and intervention approaches.

KEYWORDS:

• Suicide
• actor-observer bias
• biosocial theory
• interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Jacqueline K. Krychiw

Jacqueline K. Krychiw, MA, is a PhD student in clinical psychology at Hofstra University; her research and clinical experiences focus on better understanding and treating high risk populations, particularly those with suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

Erin F. Ward-Ciesielski

Erin F. Ward-Ciesielski, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Hofstra University and her research focuses on treatment development and evaluation, especially in relation to underserved suicidal populations.