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ABSTRACT
Purpose: Examine the impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on parenting behavior over time.
Method: Included 206 children (3–7 years old) with moderate to severe TBI or orthopedic injury, using a prospective longitudinal cohort study design. Assessments completed at baseline, 6-months, 12-months, 18-months, 3.5 years, and 6.8 years after injury. Dependent variables included authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian parenting.
Results: Injury characteristics had limited impact on parenting behaviors over time. Levels of authoritative parenting remained stable over time; however, levels of warmth and involvement declined over time for those with TBI. Levels of permissive and authoritarian parenting declined for all participants by 3.5 years post injury. SES and stressors impacted parenting behaviors.
Conclusions: While there was limited effect of TBI on parenting behavior over time, it remains unclear how individuals respond to these parenting behaviors years after injury. Clinicians should monitor family and parenting behaviors to foster an environment to promote positive recovery.
Disclosure Statement
The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper. This research was supported by grant R01 HD42729 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and Trauma Research grants from the State of Ohio Emergency Medical Services. Additional support was provided through Grant 8 UL1 TR00007 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) of the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Megan Narad was support by funds from NICHD 1F32HD088011-01. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of NIH.