Dynamic association of slope movements in the Uttarakhand Himalaya: a critical review on the landslide susceptibility assessment

Abstract

Slope movement, the surface expressions as seated scars are the variety of surface deformation mechanisms on the earth’s outer crust. These slow-deformation mechanisms can be visualized easily, if in-situ geotechnical observations, GNSS synopticity (regional), and space-borne (Microwave) spatio-temporal data structured and interpreted accordingly. Globally, several techniques are adapted for the slope failure analysis and their zonation. Thus, the most directed with geospatial technologies. Wide area assessment, mapping, and monitoring are some complex tasks only possible and could be addressed with the space borne datasets. Their outcomes help users to implement area strategies viz. in susceptibility and vulnerability. Landslide Susceptibility mapping (LSM) quantify the problem very effectively. In LSM, soft computing analytical skills among various participatory and triggering factors for the application of complex models are required for ground simulation. In this article critical review of LSM over Uttarakhand Himalaya was primarily focussed which analyze various sections including- participatory/triggering factors, datasets, different models, and validation practices. The study exhibits multiple avenues and future pathways for various research windows, such as LSM-SAR refinement, orographic climatic and changing factor relationship, high-quality data coupling with drone/Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data, etc. Such analysis implicates the cost-effectiveness of strategies in effective planning and management.

Keywords:

• Uttarakhand Himalaya
• landslide susceptibility
• surface deformation
• triggering stipules
• factor of safety

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to Geo-Informatics, Department of Civil Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand and Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Space Research Organization, Dehradun, Uttarakhand (IIRS, ISRO) for extending all kinds of support during the compilation of the present review work.

Authors’ contributions

HK conceptualized and compiled this manuscript from different sources; Original and technical articles, Books, conference papers, thesis’s, proceedings, and state government/agencies of respective domain reports. HK thoroughly reviewed the contents, as material, technical processing, analyzed and prepared all structural data for this manuscript. KSR and RSC provided required/necessary input in the general organization of this manuscript significantly. The manuscript was read and approved by the author (s) and the datasets prepared/generated during and/or analyzed in this doctoral research are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Data availability statement

All materials used for the review article compilation are properly cited. The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Additional information

Funding

Not applicable.