Extracting Urban Built-up Areas from Optical and Radar Data Fusion using Machine Learning Algorithms

ABSTRACT

Accurate and up-to-date information on urban built-up areas is significant for managing urban growth and development. Earth Observation (EO) data are valuable sources for meeting this demand. However, the extraction of urban built-up areas from EO data is challenging due to the limitations of EO data sources. To overcome this challenge, this study follows an approach that assesses the performance of optical (Sentinel-2), radar (Sentinel-1) and fused (Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2) data to extract urban built-up areas using machine learning algorithms including Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and KDTree KNN. The results were statistically analyzed by considering the Overall Accuracy (OA) and kappa coefficient. In addition, 15 cm GSD (Ground Sample Distance) aerial photography of the study area was used to validate the results. According to the results, Sentinel-2 produced better representation and accuracy of urban built-up areas than Sentinel-1 and even the fused image. Regarding to machine learning algorithms classification performance, RF performed better in both OA and Kappa coefficient along all datasets. The research findings can have significant implications for various domains, such as urban planning, land use management and open avenues for further comparisons of different EO data sources and machine learning algorithms for built-up areas extraction.

KEYWORDS:

• Built-up area
• optical
• radar
• machine learning
• accuracy assessment
• data fusion

Acknowledgments

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the European Union/ESA/Copernicus for generously providing us with access to the Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-1 images and Space Science and Geospatial Information Institute for providing reference datasets.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

The datasets generated and analysed during the study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.